Table 3.

The association of preconception antibiotics exposure with A. Fecundability ratio.

Study and Antibiotics	Class	FR	CI	Pooled effect size	P-value	I2, T2, H2
Crowe et al., 2021 lincosamides	Lincosamides	1.58	0.96,2.60	0.94 (0.77, 1.14)	0.520	10.48%, 0.01, 1.12
Crowe et al., 2021 Nitrofurantoin	nitrofuran	0.83	0.60,1.13
Crowe et al., 2021 Nitroimidazole	Nitroimidazole	0.9	0.60,1.34
Crowe et al., 2021 Quinolones	Quinolone	0.82	0.52,1.30
Crowe et al., 2021 Tetracyclines	Tetracyclines	0.9	0.55,1.48

B. The odds of female infertility among different classes of antibiotics
Study and antibiotics	Class	OR	CI	Pooled effect size	P-value	I2, T2, H2
Shao 2023 Penicillin G	Betalactams	1.71	1.32, 2.21	0.62 (0.22, 1.73)	0.360	95.17%, 0.79, 20.70
Shao 2023 Cefaclor		0.36	0.23, 0.56
Shao 2023 Amoxicillin		0.36	0.22, 0.60
Shao 2023 Cefaclor		0.36	0.23, 0.56	0.36 (0.26, 0.50)	<0.001	0.00%, 0.00, 1.00
Shao 2023 Amoxicillin		0.36	0.22, 0.60
Shao 2023 Ofloxacin	Quinolones	1.35	1.1, 1.66	0.87 (0.77, 0.99)	0.030	94.88%, ---, 19.53
Shao 2023 Norfloxacin		1.3	1.02, 1.66
Shao 2023 Pefloxacin		0.5	0.36,0.70
Shao 2023 Sarafloxacin		0.49	0.33, 0.75
Shao 2023 Enrofloxacin		0.33	0.24, 0.47
Shao 2023 Sulfamethoxazole	Sulfonamide	1.88	1.21, 2.92	2.35 (1.86, 2.97)	<0.001	0.00%, 0.00, 1.00
Shao 2023 Sulfaclozine		2.36	1.64,3.40
Shao 2023 Sulfamonomethoxine		2.86	1.87, 4.37
Shao 2023 Chlorotetracycline	TTC	6.34	3.54, 11.37	1.95 (0.39, 9.76)	0.420	94.92%, 1.28, 19.68
Shao 2023 Oxytetracycline		0.62	0.40, 0.95
Shao 2023 Lorfenicol	Others	0.59	0.41,0.86	1.06 (0.68, 1.65)	0.790	88.75%, 0.22, 8.89
Schaumburg, 1989		1.34	1.0, 1.8
Shao 2023 non specified		1.29	0.78, 2.15
Shao 2023 Azithromycin		0.7	0.57, 0.87
Shao 2023 Cyadox		2.01	1.35, 3.00

FR: Fecundability ratio, CI: Confidence interval, I2, T2, H2: heterogeneity measures, OR: Odds ratio, TTC: Tetracycline.