Table 1.
Patient characteristics
| Characteristics | Multimodal training cohort (761) | Radiology testing cohort (433) | Pathology testing cohort (230) | Prospective validation cohort (114) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | ||||
| Median | 58 | 56 | 57.5 | 58 |
| IQR | (51–65) | (48–64) | (50–65) | (52–65) |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 279 (36.7) | 147 (33.9) | 88 (38.3) | 39 (34.2) |
| Female | 482 (63.3) | 286 (66.1) | 142 (61.7) | 75 (65.8) |
| Asian | 761 (100) | 433 (100) | 230 (100) | 114 (100) |
| CT location | ||||
| Left upper lobe | 192 (25.3) | 125 (28.9) | 65 (33.5) | 33 (28.9) |
| Left lower lobe | 112 (14.8) | 50 (11.5) | 21 (10.8) | 20 (17.5) |
| Right upper lobe | 274 (36.1) | 162 (37.4) | 70 (36.1) | 34 (29.8) |
| Right middle lobe | 46 (6.1) | 33 (7.6) | 10 (5.2) | 8 (7.0) |
| Right lower lobe | 134 (17.7) | 63 (14.5) | 28 (14.4) | 19 (16.7) |
| CT size, mm | ||||
| Median | 14 | 12a | 10a | 15 |
| IQR | (10–19) | (9–16) | (7–15) | (11–20) |
| Smoking history | ||||
| No | 620 (81.5) | 361 (83.4) | 189 (82.2) | 92 (80.7) |
| Yes | 141 (18.5) | 72 (16.6) | 41 (17.8) | 22 (19.3) |
| Invasion status diagnosed by FFPE | ||||
| AIS | 84 (11.1) | 92 (21.3)a | 67 (29.1)a | 17 (14.9) |
| MIA | 170 (22.3) | 194 (44.8)a | 63 (27.4)a | 20 (17.5) |
| IA | 507 (66.6) | 147 (33.9)a | 100 (43.5)a | 77 (67.5) |
| Concordance rate between FS and FP (%) | ||||
| AIS | 53.8% | – | 70.1% | 88.2% |
| MIA | 63.8% | – | 61.9% | 70.0% |
| IA | 85.2% | – | 78.0% | 63.6% |
| Total | 78.3% | – | 71.2% | 68.4% |
Data presented as number (percentage, %), with the exception of age and CT size (median [IQR]).
IQR, interquartile range; CT, computed tomography; AIS, adenocarcinoma in situ; MIA, minimally invasive adenocarcinoma; IA, invasive adenocarcinoma; FS, frozen section; FP, final pathology.
a
p value (<0.05) is statistically significant for the radiology testing cohort, pathology testing cohort, and prospective validation cohort, respectively, when compared with the multimodal training cohort.