Fig. 1.

Retrospective collection of 4D flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) data. Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) patients were identified from our 4D flow database (N = 669). Out of 108 pediatric/young adult BAV patients, those who underwent Fontan/Norwood/Ross surgeries (N = 6), data with quality issues, such as phase data with uncorrectable aliasing, were excluded (N = 35). After further exclusion of complex congenital heart defects and genetic defects (Turner syndrome, N = 12; hypoplastic left heart syndrome with patent ductus arteriosus, N = 1; double outlet right ventricle, N = 1), 35 BAV patients and 18 BAV patients with coarctation were finally included in this study. 4D four dimensional