Table 1.
Basic characteristics of participants according to depressive symptoms.
| Characteristics | Total (n = 12,389) | CES-D < 10 (n = 6559) | CES-D ≥ 10 (n = 5830) | Statistic | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Mean ± SD | 57.77 ± 9.42 | 57.93 ± 9.70 | 57.59 ± 9.09 | t = 2.03 | 0.043 |
| Sex, n (%) | – | – | – | χ2 = 214.59 | <0.001 |
| Male | 6571 (53.04) | 3885 (59.23) | 2686 (46.07) | – | – |
| Female | 5818 (46.96) | 2674 (40.77) | 3144 (53.93) | – | – |
| Urbanicity, n (%) | – | – | – | χ2 = 140.75 | <0.001 |
| Urban | 5259 (42.45) | 3110 (47.42) | 2149 (36.86) | – | – |
| Rural | 7130 (57.55) | 3449 (52.58) | 3681 (63.14) | – | – |
| Education level, n (%) | – | – | – | χ2 = 36.00 | <0.001 |
| Primary school or below | 8015 (64.69) | 4084 (62.27) | 3931 (67.43) | – | – |
| Middle school or above | 4374 (35.31) | 2475 (37.73) | 1899 (32.57) | – | – |
| Marital status, n (%) | – | – | – | χ2 = 9.34 | 0.009 |
| Married/partnered | 11,264 (90.92) | 5981 (91.19) | 5283 (90.62) | – | – |
| Divorced/separated/widowed | 1056 (8.52) | 554 (8.45) | 502 (8.61) | – | – |
| Never married | 69 (0.56) | 24 (0.37) | 45 (0.77) | – | – |
| Employment status, n (%) | – | – | – | χ2 = 12.14 | <0.001 |
| Unemployed | 3578 (28.88) | 1982 (30.22) | 1596 (27.38) | – | – |
| Employed | 8811 (71.12) | 4577 (69.78) | 4234 (72.62) | – | – |
| Income, n (%) | – | – | – | χ2 = 39.20 | <0.001 |
| No | 8750 (70.63) | 4474 (68.21) | 4276 (73.34) | – | – |
| Yes | 3639 (29.37) | 2085 (31.79) | 1554 (26.66) | – | – |
| Smoking status, n (%) | – | – | – | χ2 = 79.92 | <0.001 |
| Non-smoker | 6862 (55.39) | 3386 (51.62) | 3476 (59.62) | – | – |
| Smoker | 5527 (44.61) | 3173 (48.38) | 2354 (40.38) | – | – |
| Drinking status, n (%) | – | – | – | χ2 = 62.06 | <0.001 |
| Non-drinker | 6348 (51.24) | 3142 (47.90) | 3206 (54.99) | – | – |
| Drinker | 6041 (48.76) | 3417 (52.10) | 2624 (45.01) | – | – |
| Social activity, n (%) | – | – | – | χ2 = 8.93 | 0.003 |
| No | 5399 (43.58) | 2776 (42.32) | 2623 (44.99) | – | – |
| Yes | 6990 (56.42) | 3783 (57.68) | 3207 (55.01) | – | – |
Note: CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression.