TABLE 3.
Multivariable logistic regression models of variables associated with subjective olfactory dysfunction
| Subjective olfactory dysfunction (n = 221) - odds ratio (95% confidence interval), p-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 |
| Gender | |||||
| Male | — | — | — | — | — |
| Female | 1.12 (0.84, 1.48), 0.443 | 1.14 (0.86, 1.51), 0.380 | 1.09 (0.82, 1.46), 0.554 | 1.19 (0.87, 1.61), 0.276 | 1.23 (0.89, 1.70), 0.207 |
| Race | |||||
| White | — | — | — | — | — |
| Black | 0.99 (0.74, 1.32), 0.939 | 1.04 (0.76, 1.42), 0.790 | 0.99 (0.71, 1.37), 0.959 | 1.00 (0.71, 1.39), 0.994 | 1.13 (0.79, 1.61), 0.499 |
| Age | |||||
| 70–74 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 75–79 | 1.14 (0.85, 1.55), 0.376 | 1.15 (0.85, 1.55), 0.375 | 1.14 (0.84, 1.54), 0.393 | 1.15 (0.85, 1.56), 0.366 | 1.16 (0.85, 1.58), 0.360 |
| 80–84 | 1.21 (0.75, 1.88), 0.424 | 1.20 (0.75, 1.88), 0.430 | 1.22 (0.76, 1.91), 0.401 | 1.24 (0.77, 1.94), 0.367 | 1.34 (0.82, 2.13), 0.229 |
| Education | |||||
| Less than high school | — | — | — | — | |
| High school graduate | 0.99 (0.66, 1.50), 0.956 | 1.00 (0.66, 1.53), 0.990 | 1.00 (0.66, 1.54), 0.988 | 1.09 (0.70, 1.72), 0.706 | |
| Some college | 1.23 (0.84, 1.84), 0.292 | 1.31 (0.87, 2.01), 0.204 | 1.30 (0.86, 2.01), 0.222 | 1.33 (0.85, 2.11), 0.214 | |
| Family income | |||||
| <$10,000 | — | — | — | ||
| $10,000 to $25,000 | 0.70 (0.44, 1.13), 0.136 | 0.70 (0.44, 1.13), 0.135 | 0.72 (0.45, 1.18), 0.184 | ||
| $25,000 to $50,000 | 0.93 (0.57, 1.55), 0.774 | 0.93 (0.56, 1.54), 0.762 | 1.06 (0.64, 1.79), 0.834 | ||
| ≥ $50,000 | 0.53 (0.28, 0.98), 0.042 | 0.52 (0.28, 0.97), 0.041 | 0.58 (0.31, 1.10), 0.096 | ||
| Alcohol consumption | |||||
| Never | — | — | |||
| Current | 1.21 (0.84, 1.75), 0.318 | 1.29 (0.89, 1.88), 0.190 | |||
| Former | 1.25 (0.81, 1.92), 0.316 | 1.29 (0.83, 2.01), 0.258 | |||
| Smoking status | |||||
| Never | — | — | |||
| Former | 1.16 (0.85, 1.60), 0.346 | 1.14 (0.83, 1.59), 0.416 | |||
| Current | 1.09 (0.60, 1.90), 0.761 | 0.99 (0.53, 1.74), 0.971 | |||
| Site | |||||
| Memphis | — | ||||
| Pittsburgh | 0.66 (0.49, 0.89), 0.006 | ||||
| BMI | |||||
| <25 | — | ||||
| 25–29.9 | 0.82 (0.59, 1.15), 0.251 | ||||
| >30 | 0.88 (0.59, 1.30), 0.526 | ||||
| Systolic BP | 0.83 (0.70, 0.99), 0.042 | ||||
| Diastolic BP | 1.08 (0.92, 1.29), 0.344 | ||||
| Self-reported health | |||||
| Excellent/very good | |||||
| Good | 1.21 (0.88, 1.68), 0.240 | ||||
| Fair/poor | 1.32 (0.85, 2.03), 0.214 | ||||
| Depressive symptoms | 1.28 (0.81, 1.98), 0.275 | ||||
| Anxiety symptoms | 1.18 (0.85, 1.61), 0.316 | ||||
| Hit head hard | 1.97 (1.29, 2.94), 0.001 | ||||
| Parkinson’s disease | 1.40 (0.21, 5.67), 0.674 | ||||
| Cognitive impairment | 0.73 (0.41, 1.25), 0.271 | ||||
| Hypertension | 0.92 (0.68, 1.25), 0.602 | ||||
| Cerebrovascular disease | 1.54 (0.97, 2.36), 0.057 | ||||
Note: Model 1: Gender + race + age; Model 2: Model 1 + education; Model 3: Model 2 + socioeconomic status; Model 4: Model 3 + lifestyle/behavioral factors; Model 5: Model 4 + comorbidities.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure.