TABLE 4.
Multivariable logistic regression models of variables associated with objective olfactory dysfunction
| Objective olfactory dysfunction (n = 290) - odds ratio (95% confidence interval), p-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 |
| Gender | |||||
| Male | — | — | — | — | — |
| Female | 0.42 (0.32, 0.55), <0.001 | 0.43 (0.33, 0.56), <0.001 | 0.39 (0.30, 0.52), <0.001 | 0.41 (0.31, 0.55), <0.001 | 0.46 (0.34, 0.62), <0.001 |
| Race | |||||
| White | — | — | — | — | — |
| Black | 2.13 (1.65, 2.76), <0.001 | 1.85 (1.40, 2.44), <0.001 | 1.64 (1.22, 2.20), <0.001 | 1.61 (1.20, 2.17), <0.001 | 1.41 (1.02, 1.95), <0.001 |
| Age | |||||
| 70–74 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 75–79 | 1.59 (1.20, 2.11), 0.001 | 1.60 (1.20, 2.13), 0.001 | 1.56 (1.18, 2.09), 0.002 | 1.58 (1.19, 2.11), 0.002 | 1.54 (1.15, 2.07), 0.004 |
| 80–84 | 2.70 (1.83, 3.96), <0.001 | 2.75 (1.86, 4.03), <0.001 | 2.72 (1.84, 4.00), <0.001 | 2.77 (1.87, 4.09), <0.001 | 2.57 (1.71, 3.84), <0.001 |
| Education | |||||
| Less than high school | — | — | — | — | |
| High school graduate | 0.62 (0.44, 0.87), 0.006 | 0.68 (0.48, 0.97), 0.031 | 0.68 (0.48, 0.97), 0.032 | 0.90 (0.62, 1.33), 0.604 | |
| Some college | 0.63 (0.46, 0.88), 0.006 | 0.75 (0.52, 1.07), 0.108 | 0.76 (0.53, 1.09), 0.132 | 1.03 (0.69, 1.54), 0.891 | |
| Family income | |||||
| <$10,000 | — | — | — | ||
| $10,000 to $25,000 | 0.64 (0.43, 0.95), 0.025 | 0.65 (0.44, 0.97), 0.032 | 0.70 (0.47, 1.06), 0.086 | ||
| $25,000 to $50,000 | 0.58 (0.37, 0.91), 0.018 | 0.59 (0.38, 0.93), 0.023 | 0.64 (0.40, 1.03), 0.062 | ||
| ≥ $50,000 | 0.47 (0.27, 0.81), 0.007 | 0.48 (0.28, 0.84), 0.011 | 0.52 (0.29, 0.93), 0.027 | ||
| Alcohol consumption | |||||
| Never | — | — | |||
| Current | 1.03 (0.74, 1.46), 0.852 | 1.05 (0.74, 1.50), 0.769 | |||
| Former | 1.15 (0.79, 1.68), 0.456 | 1.20 (0.81, 1.77), 0.362 | |||
| Smoking status | |||||
| Never | — | — | |||
| Former | 1.08 (0.80, 1.44), 0.624 | 1.12 (0.83, 1.52), 0.445 | |||
| Current | 1.31 (0.79, 2.11), 0.279 | 1.13 (0.67, 1.87), 0.633 | |||
| Site | |||||
| Memphis | — | ||||
| Pittsburgh | 1.10 (0.84, 1.45), 0.480 | ||||
| BMI | |||||
| <25 | — | ||||
| 25–29.9 | 0.94 (0.70, 1.28), 0.701 | ||||
| >30 | 0.79 (0.54, 1.14), 0.205 | ||||
| Systolic BP | 0.87 (0.74, 1.02), 0.101 | ||||
| Diastolic BP | 1.19 (1.03, 1.39), 0.023 | ||||
| Self-reported health | |||||
| Excellent/very good | |||||
| Good | 1.13 (0.84, 1.53), 0.421 | ||||
| Fair/poor | 1.42 (0.97, 2.07), 0.073 | ||||
| Depressive symptoms | 0.87 (0.56, 1.33), 0.533 | ||||
| Anxiety symptoms | 0.94 (0.69, 1.27), 0.690 | ||||
| Hit head hard | 1.01 (0.64, 1.55), 0.963 | ||||
| Parkinson’s disease | 3.38 (0.87, 11.4), 0.057 | ||||
| Cognitive impairment | 2.73 (1.86, 3.98), <0.001 | ||||
| Hypertension | 0.77 (0.58, 1.01), 0.063 | ||||
| Cerebrovascular disease | 0.92 (0.57, 1.45), 0.735 | ||||
Note: Model 1: Gender + race + age; Model 2: Model 1 + education; Model 3: Model 2 + socioeconomic status; Model 4: Model 3 + lifestyle/behavioral factors; Model 5: Model 4 + comorbidities.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure.