Table 2.

Research specific information.

Study	Design	Participant	Experimental	Control	Result
Norambuena et al. (2021) [29]	PPS 5 weeks	Elite athletes Sports: Judo SS: 10 EG: 10; 8 B/2 G; Age: 15.4 ± 2.8yr;	IV: Suspension-training INT: Intensity gradually increased Freq: 3/week Time: 20min	No	Single-leg horizontal jumping (right leg↑; left leg↑), Sorensen↑, SAR↑, Y balance (arm↑; leg↑). Grip strength ∼; prone instability test performance ∼;
Baron et al. (2020) [30]	PPS 12 weeks	Elite athletes Sports: Football SS: 20 EG: 20 B; Age: 16.8 ± 0.6yr;	IV: Functional training Time: 70–90min	No	Functional state (FMS1↑, FMS2↑, FMS3↑); Speed and acceleration Tests (0–5m ∼, 5–20m↑, 10–30m↑, 0–30m↑); Velocity↑.
Katsanis et al. (2021) [31]	PPS 8 weeks	Ordinary children SS: 321; 158 B/163 G; Age: 16.54 ± 0.91yr; EG: 154; 76 B/78 G; Age: 16.52 ± 0.88yr; CG: 167; 82 B/85 G; Age: 16.56 ± 0.94yr;	IV: Suspension-training INT: Increased by 50 %/2weeks. Freq: 2/week Time: 45min	IV: Regular PE class Freq: 2/week Time: 45min	In EG (SLJ↑ p < 0.001, Sit-ups for 30 s↑ p < 0.001, push-up↑ p < 0.001, handgrip↑ p < 0.001); in CG ∼. In EG, increased in motivation to participate in the PE class
Laurent et al. (2018) [32]	RCTs 6 weeks	Ordinary children SS: 28; 46 % B/54 % G; Age: 9.3 ± 1.5yr; EG: 17; 58.5 % B/41.5 % G; Age: 9.82 ± 1.22yr; CG: 11; 27.3 % B/72.7 % G Age: 8.54 ± 1.57yr;	IV: Suspension training Freq:2/week Time: 60min	IV: Regular activities Freq: 2/week Time: 60min	Pull-Up performance↑(P = 0.01) Lift↑, and FMS score↑, relative to CG. skill-related fitness (SLJ ∼, SR ∼)
Labib (2014) [33]	PPS 10 weeks	Ordinary athletes Sports: Handball SS: 20 G EG: 10 G; Age: 13 ± 1.5yr; Training experience 3 ± 0.7yr CG: 10 G; Age: 14 ± 1.8yr; Training experience 3 ± 0.8yr	IV: Functional training Freq: 3/week Time: 60min	IV: Normal training Freq: 3/week Time: 60min	Standing Stork Test↑, DB↑, Static strength↑ and Running shoot↑. Both Handgrip Strength↑ and Static strength test↑ improved in two group, but No Significant Difference between them.
Yildiz et al. (2018) [34]	PPS 8 weeks	Ordinary athletes Sports: Tennis SS: 28 B; Age: 9.6 ± 0.7yr; Training experience 3.1 ± 1.3yr EG1: 10 B EG2: 10 B CG: 8 B	EG1 IV: Functional training Freq:3/week Time: 65–75min EG2 IV: Traditional training Freq: 3/week Time: 65–75min	IV: Normal tennis training Freq: 3/week Time: 65–70min	In CG, FMS scores↓ and other parameters ∼. In EG1, DB↑ FMS↓ and other parameters ∼. In EG2, all parameters ↑, (the vertical jump performances↑, flexibility↑, agility↑, DB↑, SB↑, FMS data↑), between groups showed a significant difference, no big difference for right left DB.
Song et al. (2014) [35]	PPS 16 weeks	Elite athletes Sports: Baseball SS: 62 B EG: 31 B; Age: 17.0 ± 1.06yr; CG: 31 B; Age: 16.62 ± 0.94yr;	IV: Functional Screen training INT: NM Freq: 3 T/week Time: NM	IV: Traditional training Freq: 3/week Time: NM	Strength↑ and flexibility↑, hand grip strength↑ 12 %, bench-press↑ 9 %
Liao et al. (2017) [36]	RCTs 12 weeks	Ordinary children SS: 144 G; Age: 12.47 ± 0.57yr EG: 72 G; CG: 72 G;	IV: Functional strength training INT: a moderate intensity Freq: 3/week Time: 45min	IV: Traditional strength training INT: a moderate intensity Freq: 3/week Time: 45min	FMS data↑, deep squat↑, turn stability↑, muscular strength↑, flexibility↑ and power↑, FST is better at improving the quality of movement Curl-ups, SAR and SLJ.
Marta et al. (2019) [37]	RCTs 8 weeks	Prepubescent children SS: 57 B EG1: 19 B; Age: 10.71 ± 0.43yr EG2: 20 B; Age: 10.92 ± 0.45yr CG: 18 B; Age: 10.81 ± 0.57yr	EG1 IV: Resistance training INT: low to moderate Freq: 2/week Time: 45min EG2 IV: Suspension training INT: low to moderate Freq: 2/week Time: 45min	IV: Regular PE course INT: low to moderate Freq: 2/week Time: 45min	1-kg ball throw large↑ (P < 0.001, 2p = 0.463), 3-kg ball throw medium↑ (P < 0.001, 2p = 0.395), and time-at-20m test small ES. no big difference between in the CVJ or the SLJ. but in ST training the CVJ↑, SLJ↑.
Eather et al. (2016) [38]	RCTs 8 weeks	Ordinary children SS: 96; 46 B/50 G; Age: 15.4 ± 0.5yr; EG: 51 CG: 45	IV: CrossFit Teens Freq: 2/week Time: 60min	IV: Regular PE class Freq: 2/week Time: 60min	SAR↑ (+3.0 cm, P < 0.001), SLJ↑ (+0.1 m.021) and SR (+10.3laps, P = 0.019) SAR↑ Curl-up test↑, push-up ↑, SLJ↑ grip strength↑, SR test ↑
Carvutto et al. (2021) [39]	RCTs 8 weeks	Ordinary children Sports: Score SS: 28 B; Age: 12.6 ± 8.8; EG: 14 B CG: 14 B	IV: High-intensity functional training INT: High-intensity Freq: 3/week Time: Lasts 90 min	IV: Traditional training based on technical and tactical abilities. Freq: 3/week Time: 90min	Group x Time-agility ↑ no significant in sprint performance
Baron et al. (2020) [51]	PPS 12 weeks	PT: Elite athletes Sports: Football SS: 20 B EG: 20 B; Age: 16.8 ± 0.6yr;	IV: Functional training Time: 70–85min	No	Functional state↑; FMS↑, FMS↑, FMS3↑; CM, power and height↑ CMJ without swing power and height↑, SQUAT Jump power and height↑
Bonney et al. (2019) [40]	RCTs 14 weeks	PT: Obesity SS: 52 G EG: 26 G Age: 14.4 ± 0.9yr CG: 26 G Age: 14.3 ± 0.8yr	IV: Task-oriented functional training Freq: 1/week Time: 45min	IV: Wii Fit intervention Freq: 1/week Time: 45min	Aerobic↑, coordination↑, knee extensors strength↑, dorsiflexors↑, plantar flexors↑, anaerobic↑ in both groups. lower extremity functional strength↑, manual dexterity↑, balance↑ in both groups. These changes were not different between groups.
Gorter et al. (2009) [17]	PPS 9 weeks	Cerebral Palsy SS: 13; 8 B/5 G EG: 13; 8 B/5 G; Age: 9.9 ± 1.15yr normal intelligence (n = 1), mild mental retardation (n = 12). CP and at GMFCS level 1 (n = 12) or level 2 (n = 1).	IV: Functional physical training Freq: 1/week Time: 30min	No	Aerobic Endurance HR6↓ T max↑; walking distance and velocity ↑, Ambulation TUDS Seconds↓. VO2max ↑ 9 %, max treadmill time↑ 23 %, walking distance ↑ 7 %, ambulation ↑ 21 %.
Mikołajczyk et al. (2014) [50]	PPS 12 weeks	Intellectual disability SS: 34; 28 B/6 G; moderate ID, mean IQ 45.1 ± 3.3; Age: 15.06 ± 0.9yr; EG: 17; CG: 17;	IV: Obligatory physical education classes + original dual-task functional training Freq: 3/week Time: 45min	IV: Regular PE class Freq: 2/week Time: 45min	Balance↑ (eyes open conditions, eyes closed conditions), path length of the center of pressure (eyes open conditions↓ significant shortening length by 28 %, eyes closed conditions↓, significant shortening 36 %).
Emara et al. (2016) [42]	RCTs 12 weeks	Spastic diplegia SS: 20; 7 B/13 G; Age: 6–8 EG: 10; 4 B/6 G Age: 6.9 ± 0.6yr CG: 10; 3 B/7 G Age: 6.6 ± 0.7yr	IV: Traditional therapeutic exercises + body-weight suspension training Freq: 3/week Time: 40 + 30min	IV: Wii Fit intervention Freq: 1/week Time: 45min	standing↑, walking↑, 10-Meter walking speed↑. five times sit to stand, walking speed, sit to stand transitional skills, no significant difference between groups
Ansa et al. (2020) [43]	PPS 8 weeks	Cerebral Palsy SS: 10; 7 B/3 G SS: 10; 7 B/3 G Age: 14.4 ± 1.53yr; Type of CP: 4 Diplegia/1 Hemiplegia/5 Quadriplegia	IV: Community-based functional aerobic exercise INT: 40–80 % max heart rate Freq: 4/week Time: 50min	No	GMF D-standing ↑ 8.2 %, E-walking + running + jumping ↑ 5.12 %, walking distance↑ 6.09 %. physical health ↑ 105.04 %, by children parent proxy. And physical health ↑ 60.00 %, by Self-reported.
Surana et al. (2019) [18]	RCTs 9 weeks	Unilateral spastic cerebral palsy SS: 24; 10 B/14 G EG: 12; 5 B/7 G Age: 5.8 ± 2.3yr GMFCS, 5 I/7 II CG: 12; 5 B/7 G Age: 5.1 ± 2.6yr GMFCS 3 I/9 II	IV: LE intensive functional training Freq: 5/week Time: 120min	IV: Obligatory physical education classes + NR	1MWT↑, ABILOCO-kids↑, single-leg stance↑, fast velocity↑, 30-s chair rise↑. LIFT improved more than H-HABIT. no significant differences between LIFT and H-HABIT for self-selected walking velocity
Ketelaar et al. (2001) [44]	RCTs 18 months	Spastic cerebral palsy SS: 55; 33 B/22 G; Age: 2–7yr EG: 28; 16 B/12 G Age: 54 ± 20 months; Cerebral palsy distribution: 16 Hemiplegia/5 Diplegia/6 Quadriplegia. CG: 27; 17 G/10 G; Age: 56 ± 20 months Cerebral palsy distribution: 16 Hemiplegia/6 Diplegia/6 Quadriplegia.	IV: Functional physical therapy	IV: Traditional therapeutic exercises + the treadmill Freq: 3/week Time: 40 + 30min	GMFM↑ and PEDI score ↑in both groups; basic gross motor abilities↑, no differ between groups. The mean scores↑ higher than in the CG. functional skills in daily situations↑, self-care and mobility activities↑.
Salavat et al. (2017) [45]	PPS 18 weeks	PT: Cerebral palsy and cerebral visual impairment SS: 5 2 B/3 G; Cerebral palsy; Age:114 ± 52 month; distribution: 5 Spastic, GMFCS classified levels: 2 I/1 II/1 V/1 IV;	IV: Functional therapy programmed Freq: 3/week Time: 30min	No	Gross motor functioning↑, Functional Skills↑
Blundell et al. (2002) [46]	PPS 4 weeks	PT: Cerebral palsy SS: 8; 7 B/1 G EG: 8; 7 B/1 G; Age: 6.3 ± 1.3yr Cerebral palsy distribution: 7 spastic Diplegia/1 Quadriplegia.	IV: Functional strength training +a group circuit training INT: intensive repetitive practice Freq: 2/week Time: 60min	IV: Hand-Arm Bimanual Intensive Therapy Freq: 5/week Time: 120min	Isometric strength↑; Left and right Lateral Step-up ↑; time of 10-m walk↑; stride length↑.
Mikołajczyk et al. (2014) [50]	RCTs 12 weeks	Moderate mental disabilities SS: 34 Age: 15.06 ± 0.9yr; EG: 17 CG: 17	IV: Unstable-surface functional exercises Freq: 3/week Time: 45min	IV: Did not perform any exercises	Static balance - COP deviation range↑, Path length↓, Path area↓. Eye open and eye closed.
Ahl et al. (2005) [47]	PPS 5 months	PT: Children with cerebral palsy SS: 14; 11 B/3 G; Age: 1 year 6 months to 6 years. With diplegia and tetraplegia cerebral palsy; EG: 8; 7 B/1 G; GMFCS classified between levels II–V;	IV: Goal-directed functional therapy Freq: 2/week Time: NM	IV: Reference normalisation	76 goals fulfilled completely, 19 partially completed; gross motor function↑; self-care performance↑; mobility ↑; social function↑
Farrokhian et al. (2021) [48]	RCTs 5 weeks	Intellectual disability SS: 30 Gender: G EG: 15; CG: 15 Age: Elementary school students(Not specific)	IV: Functional training Freq: 3/week Time: 45–60min	IV: Did not perform any exercises	SB↑, DB↑, flexibility↑, and student performance are statistically significant.
Van Tittelboom et al. (2023) [49]	PPS 4 weeks	PT: A diagnosis of bilateral spastic CP SS: 36 Gender: 19 B/17 G; Age: 8.58 ± 1.96yr QFT: 24 Gender: 10 B/14 G; GMFCS level II: 15, GMFCS level III: 9; Age: 8.5 ± 1.84yr FT: 12 Gender: 9 male/3 female; GMFCS level II: 7, GMFCS level III: 5; Age: 8.83 ± 2.23yr	IV: Functional training INT: NR Freq: 5/week Time: 4.5 h	IV: Qualitative functional training INT: NR Freq: 5/week Time: 4.5 h	QFM: ↑ with qualitative functional training (QFT), but not improved with function training. GM88-D and E ↑ (QFT) TCMS: static and dynamic balance ↑ (QFT)
Abd-Elfattah et al. (2022) [28]	RCTs 12 weeks	PT: Spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy Sports: NR SS: 66 Gender: 42 B/24 G. EG: 24 Gender: 22 B/11G; GMFCS level I: 10, GMFCS level II: 23; Age: 11.31 ± 0.62yr HT: 142.55 ± 4.1 cm; BM: 38.31 ± 3.93 kg; CG: 12 Gender: 20 B/13 G; GMFCS level I: 13, GMFCS level II: 20; Age: 11.11 ± 0.63yr HT: 142.41 ± 4.21 cm; BM: 37.12 ± 2.83 kg;	IV: loaded functional strengthening exercises INT: NR Freq: 3/week Time: 60 min	IV: physical therapy INT: NR Freq: 3/week Time: 60 min	6MWT: the 6MWT in EG (20.09 %) and CG (9.69 %) ↑, EG > CG.

Abbreviation: PT, participant; SS, sample size; EG, experiment group; CG, control group; PPS, pre-post-test; HT, height; BW, body weight; IV, Interventions; INT, intensity; Freq, frequency; ES: effect size; GFT, general physical fitness; LS, locomotor skills; Bs, balance skill; OCS, objective control skills; B, boy; G, girl; NM, not mentioned; FMS, functional movement screen; GMFCS, gross motor function classification system. DB, dynamic balance; SB, Static balance; SAR, sit-and-reach; SLJ, standing long jumping; T, times; FST, functional strength training; ST, Suspension training. SR, shuttle run; CVJ: countermovement vertical jump; QFM: Qualitative functional training; 6MWT: 6-min walk test.