Figure 1.

MSC-EV-hybrid liposomes inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 intracellular pathway. MSC-EVs were hybridized with synthetic liposomes to create vectors expressing chimeric 8P9R-anti-peak peptides and soluble ACE2, and administered via inhalation. The 8P9R chimeric peptide specifically enters virus-infected cells by binding the virus via ACE2-mediated endocytosis, subsequently blocking H⁺ entry into the endosome, inhibiting acidification of the endosomal environment, and preventing viral escape into the cytoplasmic matrix for replication. Soluble ACE2 acts as a decoy receptor to capture extracellular viruses and reduce the viral load, thereby inhibiting the viral intracellular pathway.