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. 2024 Feb 6;5(1):64–82. doi: 10.20517/evcna.2023.47

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© The Author(s) 2024.

© The Author(s) 2024. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, for any purpose, even commercially, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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MSC-Exos carry bioactive factors involved in the repair of myocardial injury. MSC-Exos contain bioactive miRNAs that mitigate cardiomyocyte injury by participating in anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-aging, and promoting M2-type macrophage differentiation. MSC-Exos carry HIF-1α to inhibit cardiomyocyte fibrosis and promote neovascularization, thereby repairing myocardial injury. p53: recombinant tumor protein p53; BAK1: Bcl2 Antagonist/Killer 1; miR: microRNA; PF: platelet factor; HIF-1α: hypoxia-inducible Factor-1α; IRAK 1: interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa-B; ERK: extracellular regulated protein kinases; HMGB: high-mobility group box; Mecp2: methyl CpG binding protein 2; TLR4: Toll-like receptor 4.