Table 1.

MSC-Exo treats multiple diseases

Function	Disease	Exo	Effect	Reference
Anti-inflammatory	RA	miR-135b	Promote chondrocyte proliferation	[18]
		miR-150-5p	Alleviate abnormal vascular proliferation	[18]
	Liver injury	Hepatocyte growth factor	Promote hepatocyte growth	[20]
	COVID-19	Exo- Liposome	Inhibit viral intracellular pathways and suppress inflammatory cytokine storm	[32,33]
	Hypersensitivity	ovalbumin	Modulate the immune response	[36]
		miR-146a-5p	Alleviate airway hyperresponsiveness	[38]
Tissue repair	Heart disease	miR-24-3p	Reduce myocardial infarction	[54]
		miR-183-5p	Inhibit cardiomyocyte aging	[56]
		miR-146a-5p	Attenuate drug-induced oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes	[59]
		IONP-Exo	Reduce cardiomyocyte apoptosis and fibrosis	[64]
	Kidney damage	miR-186-5p	Inhibit ECM protein accumulation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition and attenuates renal fibrosis	[70]
		miR-146b	Reduce IL-1 receptor-related kinase expression and inhibit NF-κB activity	[73]
	Osteoarthritis	VEGF	Enhance angiogenesis	[78]
		CLEC11A	Enhance bone formation and reduce bone resorption	[79]
		CD73	mediate cartilage repair and regeneration	[80]
		miRNA-128-3p	Target inhibition of Smad5 attenuates cellular osteogenic differentiation and fracture healing in vivo	[83]
Anti-tumor factor vector	CRC	miR-16-5p	Down-regulate integrin α2 and inhibit cancer cell progression	[84]
		miR-326	Inhibit NF-κB and thus reduce immune factors	[86]
		miR-1246	Restore Th17/Treg balance and reduce IBD	[88]
	HNSCC	miR-101-3p	Inhibit cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth	[93]
		siRNA	Knockdown of Survivin gene to inhibit tumor growth	[95]
Regeneration	AD	GDF-15	Mitigate Aβ42-induced apoptosis and inflammation	[111]
	PD	peroxisome mRNA	Reduce neurotoxicity and neuroinflammation	[118]

RA: rheumatoid arthritis; COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; IONP: iron oxide nanoparticles; ECM: extracellular matrix; IL: interleukin; CRC: colorectal cancer; IBD: inflammatory bowel disease; HNSCC: head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; AD: Alzheimer's disease; GDF: growth differentiation factor 15; PD: Parkinson's disease.