Fig. 2.

Simulations of the spatial games on the lattice with unchangeable boundary and size $100\times 120$. Cooperators are denoted blue, and defectors are red. The initial density of cooperators is $p=\frac{1}{2}$, and the position is recorded after reaching equilibria. (A) Process for b = 1.3 and synchronous deterministic updating. (B) Process for b = 1.99 and synchronous deterministic updating. Synchronicity and determinism ensure that the cooperators create stable structures that are impossible to invade. (C) Process for $1.03$ and deterministic asynchronous updating. (D) Process for b = 1.03 and randomized asynchronous updating. In the randomized updating, cooperators cannot create structures, therefore defectors slowly erode the cooperation.