Table 1.

In alphabetical orders, plants and their bioactive compounds, mechanism and structure.

No	Plant	Compound (s)	Plant Part	Category	Mechanism of action	Structure	Reference
1	Aloe vera L.	Aloe-emodin	Latex	Anthraquinones	↓ ROS generation ↓ Pro inflammatory cytokine		[38]
		Anthraquinones	Latex	Anthraquinones	↑ IRS1 ↑ PI3Ks
2	Annona muricata L.	Rutin	Leaves	Flavonoids	↓α-amylase activity ↓α-glucosidase activity ↓ Hepatic G6Pase activity ↓ Glycogen phosphorylase ↑Insulin secretion ↑ Expression of PPARγ		[139]
3	Allium sativum L.	Allicin	Bulb	Organosulfides	↓ Bcl-2 ↓ Fas ↓ CTGF ↓ TGFβ1		[140]
4	Bauhinia forficata Link	Astragalin	Leaves	Flavonoids	↓α-amylase activity ↓α-glucosidase activity ↓SERCA activity ↑Release of Ca2+ ↑Ca2+ trough L-VDCC		[141]
		Kaempferitrin	Leaves	Flavonoids	↑Activates PKC ↑Glucose uptake
5	Cinnamomum verum J.Presl	Cinnamaldehyde	Bark	Flavonoids	↓ FBG ↑ insulin sensitivity ↑ GLUT 4 ↓ PTP-1B ↓NO		[142]
6	Trigonella foenum-graecum L.	4-hydroxyisoleucine	Seed	Amino acid	↑ Insulin secretion ↓ Lipid peroxidation		[143]
7	Matricaria chamomilla L.	Apigenin	Flower	Flavonoids	↓ α-glucosidase ↓ROS ↑SOD ↑CAT ↑GSH ↑ Insulin		[6]
		Quercetin	Flower	Flavonoids	↓ G6Pase activity ↓ PEPCK activity ↓ ALT ↓AST ↓ALP ↓GGT ↓CRE ↓BUN		[144]
8	Punica granatum L.	Ellagic acid	Peel & Fruit	Ellagitannins	↓ Serum resistin ↑The association of recombinant PON1 to HDL		[145]
		Chlorogenic acid	Peel	Quinic acid	↓ Hepatic G6Pase activity		[146]

ROS: Reactive oxygen species, IRS1: Insulin receptor substrate 1, PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase, Fas: Death receptor, CTGF: Connective tissue growth factor, TGFβ: Transforming growth factor beta 1, PEPCK: Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, ALT: Alanine transaminase, AST: Aspartate aminotransferase, ALP: Alkaline phosphatase, GGT: Gamma-glutamyltransferase, BUN: Blood urea nitrogen, SERCA: Sarcoendoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase pump, L-VDCC: L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel, PKC: Protein kinase C, SOD: Superoxide dismutases, GLUT: Glucose transporter, FBG: Fasting blood glucose, PTP-1B: Protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B, NO: Nitric oxide, CAT: Catalase, GSH: Glutathione.