Table 2.
Summary of clinical trials evaluated metabolic effects of the plants for diabetes.
| Plant | End Product | Dose | Sample Size | Duration | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aloe vera L. | Aloe vera gel extract | 250 mL/day | 53 healthy individuals | 14 days | ↑ plasma antioxidant capacity | [51] |
| Aloe emodin treatment | 300 & 500 mg twice a day | – | – | ↓ HbA1C ↓ TC ↓ LDL ↓ TG |
[52] | |
| Allium sativum L. | Garlic pill | 400 mg/day | 49 prediabetic pregnant woman | 8 weeks | ↓ fasting blood sugar ↓ cholesterol ↓ serum lipids |
[27] |
| Annona muricata L. | Annona muricata capsule | 180 mg/day | 60 T2DM patients | 1 month | ↓ blood glucose ↑ nausea ↑ burning pain in abdomen |
[59] |
| Bauhinia forficata Link | Capsule | 300 mg/day | 92 T2DM patients | 4 months | ↓ plasma glucose ↓ glycated hemoglobin |
[70] |
| Cinnamomum verum J.Presl | CZ capsule | 1, 3, 6 g/day | 30 healthy adults | 3 months | ↓ LDL ↓ mean TG ↓ TC |
[93] |
| Gelatin capsule | 3 g | 9 healthy adults | 1 day trials 28 days apart |
∼ TC ∼ LDL |
[94] | |
| Capsule | 1 g/day | 43 T2DM patients | 3 months | ∼ TC ∼ LDL ∼ mean TG |
[95] | |
| Capsule | 1, 3, 6 g/day | 60 T2DM patients | 40 days | ↓ 18–29 % fasting blood glucose | [96] | |
| Tablet | 120 & 360 mg/day | 66 T2DM patients | 3 months | ↓ FBG ↓ HbA1C |
[97] | |
| Tablet or capsule | 2 g/day | 577 diabetic patients | 4–16 weeks | ∼ blood glucose | [98] | |
| Matricaria chamomilla L. | Chamomile tea | 3 g/150 mL tea three times a day | 64 T2DM patients | 8 weeks | ↓ blood glucose ↓ fatty acids ↑ insulin sensitivity |
[107] |
| Punica granatum L. | Pomegranate seed oil capsule | 1 g/day | 52 obese T2DM patients | 8 weeks | ↓ FBS ↓ GLUT-4 gene expression |
[126] |
| Trigonella foenum-graecum L. | Fenugreek seeds | 2.5 & 5 g/day | 60 T2DM patients | 4 weeks | ↓ blood glucose ↓ total lipid content ↓ serum α-amylase |
[134] |
| Fenfuro capsule | 500 mg/day | 108 male T2DM patients 46 female T2DM patients |
90 days | ↓ 83 % fasting plasma glucose ↓ 89 % postprandial glucose ↑ fasting C-peptide ↑ postprandial C-peptide |
[135] | |
| Capsule | 2 g/day | 12 T2DM patients | 12 weeks | ↑ fasting insulin | [136] | |
| Fenugreek seed powder dissolved in water | 15 g/day | 48 T2DM patients | 8 weeks | ↑ SOD activity ↓ high sensitivity CRP ∼ total antioxidant capacity ∼ IL-6 ∼ TNF-α ∼ GPx activity |
[137] | |
| Capsule | 500 mg twice a day | 60 T2DM patients | 12 weeks | ∼ HbA1c ↓ blood sugar |
[138] |
The limited clinical trial data available has been summarized by the end product of the plant used in testing (in capsule, tablet, oil, or other form), the dose and frequency, the medical status (healthy or type 2 diabetic patients), and the number of participants, duration, and main antidiabetic findings of the study. The plants are displayed in the table in alphabetical order.