Table 1.

Echocardiographic parameters in CTRL and HFSD mice

	CTRL	HFSD	P
Heart rate (bpm)	515 ± 74	551 ± 29	0.174
LV mass (mg)	125 ± 27	131 ± 21	0.314
LVIDd (mm)	3.60 ± 0.17	4.16 ± 0.47	0.004
IVSd (mm)	0.84 ± 0.06	0.80 ± 0.10	0.349
LVPWd (mm)	0.94 ± 0.03	0.94 ± 0.10	0.830
RWT (ratio)	0.49 ± 0.06	0.43 ± 0.09	0.079
Ejection fraction (%)	67.8 ± 3.7	64.9 ± 3.2	0.093
Fractional shortening (%)	31.8 ± 3.6	30.6 ± 2.1	0.400
E wave (mm/s)	472 ± 74	569 ± 65	0.003
A wave (mm/s)	348 ± 99	400 ± 116	0.190
e′ wave (mm/s)	28.5 ± 5.1	25.2 ± 3.5	0.046
a′ wave (mm/s)	23.5 ± 7.8	23.5 ± 6.4	0.995
E/A	1.51 ± 0.41	1.47 ± 0.37	0.095
e′/a′	1.33 ± 0.44	1.12 ± 0.39	0.171
E/e′	16.7 ± 3.9	22.3 ± 6.0	0.005
MV deceleration time (ms)	30.8 ± 8.7	19.7 ± 5.9	<0.001

Comparisons between two treatment groups performed using Students’ unpaired t test (N = 9–15 mice per group). Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Abbreviations: a′ wave mitral annulus tissue motion velocity during atrial contraction; e′ wave mitral annulus tissue motion velocity during the early ventricular filling phase; A wave, mitral valve blood flow velocity during atrial contraction; E wave, mitral valve blood flow velocity during the early ventricular filling phase; IVSd, interventricular septum diameter at end diastole; LVIDd, left ventricular internal diameter at end diastole; LVPWd left ventricular posterior wall thickness at end diastole; RWT, relative wall thickness; MV mitral valve.