Table 1.
Preclinical studies of combined application of anti-angiogenic therapy and ICIs.
| Antiangiogenic therapy | Immunotherapy | Tumor type | Therapeutic outcomes | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DC101 (anti-VEGFR2 mAb, 0.8 mg) | Anti-PD-1 mAb (clone RMP1-14, 0.25 mg) | Colon cancer | Inhibit angiogenesis Enhance T cell infiltration |
(128) |
| DC101 (anti-VEGFR2 mAb, 40 mg/kg) | Anti-PD-L1 mAb (clone 10F.9G2, 10 mg/kg) | Pancreatic cancer Breast cancer Glioblastoma |
Enhance antiangiogenic efficacy in pNET and BC Increase IFN-γ-expressing CD8+T and IFN-γ-expressing CD8+T cells Trigger the infiltration and activation of CTL Induce vessel normalization and HEV formation via LTβR |
(129) |
| DC101 (anti-VEGFR2 mAb, 40 mg/kg) | Anti-PD-1 mAb (clone RMP-014, 10 mg/kg) | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Enhance the infiltration and activation of CTL Promote the polarization of TAM from M2 to M1 Reduce Treg and CCR2+ Reprogram the immune microenvironment |
(130) |
| Lenvatinib (VEGFR1-3, FGFR1-4, PDGFRα, KIT, and REI, 10 mg/kg) | Anti-PD-1 mAb (10 mg/kg) |
Hepatocellular carcinoma | Enhance the cytotoxic effects of T cells Reduce the proportion of monocytes and macrophages Regulate tumor vasculature normalization |
(131) |
| Axitinib (VEGFR1-3, 25 mg/kg) | Anti-PD-1 mAb (10 mg/kg) |
Lung cancer Colon cancer |
Reduce mast cells and TAMs Reduce T-cell depletion Decrease the expression of inhibitory immune checkpoints on CD8+T cells |
(132) |
| A2V (anti-VEGFA and ANGPT2) | Anti-PD-1 mAb (clone RMPI-14, 10 mg/kg) | Breast cancer Melanoma Pancreatic cancer |
Impair tumor angiogenesis Increase tumor necrosis Induce the normalization of remaining vessels Activate tumor-infiltrating CD8+T cells Enhance tumor antigen presentation Promote T cell aggregation around blood vessels Enhance the anti-tumor activity of co-blocking ANGPT2 and VEGFA by anti-PD-1 |
(133) |