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. 2024 Dec 16;14:30506. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-82287-w

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Element mass fraction in kelps. The elemental mass fraction was analysed in response to control (purple, ABC), glacial run-off (green, DEF) and terrestrial run-off area (orange, GHI) in Billefjorden (N = 6–9 per sampling station). DEF and GHI are ordered with increasing distance to run-off inflow (see Fig. 1A; distance between sampling stations A–I on x-axis are not to scale). (a) Pearson correlation coefficient r between dissolved element concentrations in the water column (5 m depth) and biogenic element mass fractions in kelps. Asterisk: Significant correlation (* P < 0.05). (b) bElement mass fraction of macrominerals (mg g_DW⁻¹) in kelps. (c) Ratio between biogenic (µg g_DW^–1) and dissolved (µg mL⁻¹) rare earth elements (REE;⁸⁹). Right side of the plot: mean cumulative REEs per sampling station (µg g_DW⁻¹). (d) bMetal mass fraction (µg g_DW⁻¹). Linear trend line: visualisation of elemental mass fraction (µg g_DW⁻¹) gradient in sampling area. Grey area: 95% confidence interval. Different letters within plots: significances between sampling area. Cd subplot: Maximum levels (ML) after Banach et al.⁷⁹, based on French recommendations¹⁰⁶.