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. 2024 Dec 16;10:195. doi: 10.1038/s41378-024-00821-2

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Working principle of the electrothermal bimorph actuator. b Topology design. c Cross-sectional view of two adjacent bimorphs. d Enlarged view of an actuator showing the key structural parameters. D: diameter of the center plate. L: length of the actuator. W_b: width of the bimorph. W_g: width of the release gap