Table 2.

Association between household food insecurity and depression symptoms and heterogeneity in subgroups analysis.

Subgroups	Number of studies	Number of participants	Odds ratio	95% CI	p‐value
Country
Ethiopia	1	627	4.60	2.75–7.70	0.000
Ghana	1	116	1.81	1.53–2.14	0.000
Iran	1	394	3.31	2.07–5.29	0.000
Nigeria	1	1359	2.82	1.96–4.05	0.000
Pakistan	1	367	2.58	1.64–4.07	0.000
South Africa	2	1353	1.92	1.51–2.46	0.000
USA	3	14,771	2.78	2.57–3.00	0.000
Local
Not Reported	1	14,274	2.78	2.57–3.01	0.000
Peri‐Urban	2	1353	1.92	1.51–2.46	0.000
Rural	1	627	4.60	2.75–7.70	0.000
Urban	4	1007	2.46	1.76–3.43	0.000
Urban and Rural	1	1359	2.82	1.96–4.05	0.000
Urban slum	1	367	2.58	1.64–4.07	0.000
Study design
Cross‐sectional	6	17,605	2.81	2.47–3.19	0.000
Prospective cohort	4	1382	2.04	1.63–2.54	0.000
Course life
Adolescent	1	1359	2.82	1.96–4.05	0.000
Adult	5	1374	2.45	1.87–3.23	0.000
Adult and adolescent	2	14,901	3.34	2.08–5.38	0.000
Not Reported	2	1353	1.92	1.51–2.46	0.000
Trimester
All	4	2236	2.46	1.80–3.37	0.000
Not Reported	4	15,714	2.31	1.80–2.97	0.000
Second and Third	2	1037	3.61	2.35–5.55	0.000