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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Dec 17.
Published in final edited form as: Brain Stimul. 2023 Aug 17;16(5):1252–1258. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2023.08.009

Figure 1. Components of Paired VNS.

Figure 1.

Paired VNS is based on the combination of two components: VNS and training. VNS drives rapid, phasic activation of neuromodulatory networks. Coupling this neuromodulator release with training, which engenders neural activity in relevant circuits, enhances synaptic plasticity specific to the paired training.