Table 2.
Primary and secondary outcomes for students (Data sources: Pupil and TSD questionnaire)
| 12-month follow-up | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KiVa | Usual practice | Adjusteda intervention effect (95% CI) | p value | |
| Total students | N = 5584 | N = 4862 | ||
| Primary outcome | ||||
| OBVQ – Bullying victimization | ||||
| Self-reporting bullying victimization | 885 (17.7%) | 873 (20.7%) | 0.87b (0.78–0.97) | 0.009 |
| Not self -reporting bullying victimization | 4109 (82.3%) | 3347 (79.3%) | .. | .. |
| Secondary outcomes | ||||
| OBVQ – Bullying perpetration | ||||
| Self-reporting bullying perpetration | 141 (2.8%) | 149 (3.4%) | 0.90b (0.80–1.01) | 0.08 |
| Not self -reporting bullying perpetration | 4954 (97.2%) | 4238 (96.6%) | .. | .. |
| HIFAMS Mean (s.d.) | 10.3 (2.6) | 10.3 (2.6) | 0.02c (−0.08 to 0.11) | 0.68 |
| ETVS Mean (s.d.) | 11.0 (4.9) | 10.8 (4.9) | 0.45c (0.20–0.69) | <0.001 |
| PRQ – Defender Scale | ||||
| Sometimes/Always (score>0) | 4784 (97.0) | 4190 (97.1) | 0.76b (0.59–0.97) | 0.030 |
| Never (score = 0) | 148 (3.0) | 127 (2.9) | .. | .. |
| Teacher reported student based | ||||
| Total students | N = 5563 | N = 5033 | ||
| TSDQ | ||||
| Total score | ||||
| Normal | 4918 (88.4%) | 4426 (88.0%) | ||
| Borderline | 279 (5.0%) | 273 (5.4%) | reference | |
| Abnormal | 364 (6.6%) | 332 (6.6%) | 1.01b (0.78–1.30) | 0.96 |
| Prosocial score | ||||
| Normal | 4358 (78.4%) | 3835 (76.2%) | ||
| Borderline | 386 (6.9%) | 385 (7.7%) | reference | |
| Abnormal | 817 (14.7%) | 811 (16.1%) | 0.93b (0.77–1.11) | 0.40 |
| Hyperactivity score | ||||
| Normal | 3893 (70.0%) | 3502 (69.6%) | ||
| Borderline | 384 (6.9%) | 341 (6.8%) | reference | |
| Abnormal | 1284 (23.1%) | 1187 (23.6%) | 1.02b (0.91–1.14) | 0.73 |
| Emotional score | ||||
| Normal | 4147 (74.6%) | 3680 (73.2%) | ||
| Borderline | 470 (8.4%) | 445 (8.8%) | reference | |
| Abnormal | 944 (17.0%) | 906 (18.0%) | 1.01b (0.83–1.23) | 0.93 |
| Conduct problems score | ||||
| Normal | 5219 (93.9%) | 4696 (93.3%) | ||
| Borderline | 141 (2.5%) | 149 (3.0%) | reference | |
| Abnormal | 201 (3.6%) | 186 (3.7%) | 0.87b (0.66–1.16) | 0.34 |
| Peer problem score | ||||
| Normal | 4775 (85.9%) | 4242 (84.3%) | ||
| Borderline | 336 (6.0%) | 357 (7.1%) | reference | |
| Abnormal | 450 (8.1%) | 432 (8.6%) | 0.85b (0.75–0.96) | 0.011 |
OBVQ, Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire; HIFAMS, How I Feel About My School; ETV, Empathy Toward Victim Scale; PRQ, Participant Role Questionnaire; TSDQ, Teacher Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire.
Data are n (%). Mean (s.d.) or median (IQR).
a
Adjusted for free school meals, KS2 school size, corresponding baseline measure, age and gender of pupil, and clustered within 118 schools within 4 recruitment sites.
b
Adjusted odds ratio for KiVa v. usual practice.
c
Adjusted difference in means for KiVa minus usual practice.