Table 2.

Molecular mechanisms involved in baicalein-mediated autophagy.

Type of cancer	Type of Study	Model	Dosage of baicalein	Pathway involved	Reference
Thyroid cancer	In vitro	MDA-T68 thyroid cancer cells	0, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 and 320 μM	NF-kB signalling	[9]
Thyroid cancer	In vitro	FRO cells	0, 10 μM, 20 μM, 40 μM, 80 μM	ERK/PI3K/Akt	[17]
Ovarian cancer	In vitro	Ovarian cancer HEY cells	0, 12.5, 25, and 50 μM	ERK/PI3K/Akt	[52]
Hepatocellular carcinoma	In vitro	SMMC-7721 and Bel-7402 cell lines	0, 25, 50, 100 and 200 μM	UPR and JNK signalling	[55]
Gastric cancer	In vitro	MGC-803 cells	0, 5, 15, 25 and 50 μmol/L	PI3K/AKT signalling	[56]
Adenocarcinoma, breast and prostate cancer	In vitro	PC-3, MDA-MB-231 and DU145 cell lines	0–10 μg/mL	AMPK/ULK1 pathway	[57]
Colorectal Cancer	In vitro	Cell lines HT-29, COLO, HCT-116, LoVo, SW480, and SW620	0, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 μM	Caspase 3 pathway	[58]
Breast cancer	In vitro and in vivo	MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines; and Female BALB/c nude mice (3–6 weeks old)	0, 10, 20, and 40 μM; and 100 mg/kg	PI3K/AKT pathway	[39]
Colorectal cancer	In vitro and in vivo	CRC HT29 and DLD1 cell lines; and Balb/c athymic nude mice (4- to 6-week-old)	0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, 100 and 120 μM; and 20 mg/kg/day	ERK signalling	[53]