Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of 1202 participants from the African-PREDICT cohort
| Characteristics | Total group N = 1202 |
Black n = 606 | White n = 596 | Black vs. White P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yrs | 24.5 ± 3.1 | 24.5 ± 3.2 | 24.6 ± 3.1 | 0.50 |
| Male, n (%) | 578 (48.1) | 295 (48.7) | 283 (47.5) | 0.68 |
| Socioeconomic status, n (%) | <0.001a | |||
| Low | 477 (39.7) | 359 (59.3) | 118 (19.8) | |
| Middle | 346 (28.8) | 162 (26.8) | 184 (30.9) | |
| High | 378 (31.5) | 84 (13.9) | 294 (49.3) | |
| Anthropometric measurements | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.1 ± 5.6 | 24.6 ± 5.7 | 25.5 ± 5.2 | 0.003 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 80.1 ± 12.5 | 77.8 ± 10.9 | 82.6 ± 13.5 | <0.001a |
| Waist to Height ratio | 0.48 ± 0.07 | 0.47 ± 0.07 | 0.48 ± 0.07 | 0.36 |
| Cardiovascular profile | ||||
| Clinic SBP (mm Hg) | 119 ± 12.1 | 120 ± 11.9 | 119 ± 12.2 | 0.15 |
| Clinic DBP (mm Hg) | 78.5 ± 7.9 | 79.6 ± 8.2 | 77.4 ± 7.5 | <0.001a |
| Kidney function | ||||
| eGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2) | 120 ± 18.6 | 123 ± 16.0 | 116 ± 20.4 | <0.001a |
| eGFR < 60 (ml/min per 1.73 m2) | 1 (0.08) | 1 (0.17) | 0 | |
| UACR (mg/mmol) | 0.50 (0.16–2.33) | 0.51 (0.15–2.27) | 0.49 (0.17–2.34) | 0.20 |
| Urinaryspot creatinine (mg/dl) | 163 ± 91.5 | 155 ± 92.3 | 171 ± 90.1 | 0.002 |
| Urinaryspot Na+ (mmol/l) | 138 ± 66.3 | 155 ± 67.6 | 121 ± 60.2 | <0.001a |
| Urinaryspot K+ (mmol/l) | 63.7 ± 35.8 | 52.7 ± 30.5 | 74.9 ± 37.3 | <0.001a |
| Urinaryspot Na+/K+ ratio (mmol/l) | 2.9 ± 2.1 | 3.7 ± 2.3 | 2.0 ± 1.5 | <0.001a |
| Uric acidspot (mg/dl) | 51.5 ± 27.6 | 44.5 ± 26.3 | 58.7 ± 27.1 | <0.001a |
| Urine volume (l/d) | 1.22 (0.51–3.16) | 1.16 (0.46–2.66) | 1.28 (0.56–3.25) | 0.004 |
| Osmolality (mOsm/kgH2O) | 731 ± 266 | 711 ± 277 | 750 ± 253 | 0.010 |
| Uromodulin (μg/ml) | 55.0 (11.4–166.0) | 50.5 (10.4–164.0) | 59.9 (13.3–172.0) | <0.001a |
| Male | 54.0 (12.1–165.5) | 48.8 (10.7–165.5) | 60.1 (13.8–166.9) | |
| Female | 55.9 (11.2–170.6) | 52.2 (9.70–162.2) | 59.8 (12.3–176.6) | |
| Uromodulin (mg/g creatinine) | 40.9 (18.8–82.1) | 39.8 (19.4–77.0) | 42.0 (18.3–86.7) | 0.045 |
| Male | 36.9 (17.7–67.2) | 36.5 (19.3–67.6) | 37.3 (16.0–67.0) | |
| Female | 45.0 (20.0–90.0) | 43.2 (18.6–85.4) | 46.8 (20.0–91.4) | |
| Nitrite (μM) | 3.9 (1.9–10.1) | 4.0 (1.9–11.3) | 3.8 (1.9–8.4) | 0.052 |
| Nitrite (μM/mM Creatinine) | 0.3 (0.1–1.7) | 0.4 (0.1–2.0) | 0.3 (0.1–1.3) | 0.023 |
| Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Profile | ||||
| Estimated NaCl intake (g/d) | 7.6 (2.5–20.1) | 7.6 (2.5–20.9) | 7.6 (2.5–19.8) | 0.74 |
| Plasma Renin activity-S (pmol/l) | 89.3 (15.4–304.8) | 63.2 (11.3–267.1) | 126.9 (39.0–344.1) | <0.001a |
| Serum Angiotensin II (pmol/l) | 63.7 (11.3–217.3) | 45.5 (8.1–187.8) | 89.9 (28.0–245.0) | <0.001a |
| Serum Aldosterone (pmol/l) | 101.4 (15.7–505.8) | 68.5 (13.9–267.6) | 151.3 (28.0–684.3) | <0.001a |
| Dietary recall | ||||
| Total protein intake (g) | 67.0 (31.2–139.0) | 59.4 (28.1–118.0) | 75.5 (37.4–151.0) | <0.001a |
| Animal protein intake (g) | 35.2 (8.0–108.0) | 26.0 (3.2–84.2) | 47.6 (13.8–122.0) | <0.001a |
| Plant protein intake (g) | 18.4 (7.7–40.6) | 20.6 (8.6–46.2) | 16.4 (7.4–34.9) | <0.001a |
BMI, body mass index; CKD-EPI eGFR, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration no race formula estimated glomerular filtration rate; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; K+, potassium; Na+, sodium; SBP, systolic blood pressure, UACR urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio.
Mean ± SD; geometric mean (5th and 95th percentiles). Qualitative parameters are presented as fractions with percentages. χ2 tests for categorial variables and unpaired t test for quantitative parameters were used.
Equilibrium angiotensin levels were used to calculate combined parameters as surrogate markers (s) for the activity of circulating renin-angiotensin system enzyme renin-s (Angiotensin I and Angiotensin II).
Significant P values according to the Bonferroni correction.