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. 2024 Dec 17;14(12):e70131. doi: 10.1002/ctm2.70131

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

GPER mediates the biosynthesis and secretion of glutamine in CAFs. NFs or CAFs were cultured with CM from BT549 or MDA‐MB‐231, and treated with or without indicated reagents (e.g., E2 (100 nM), G15 (100 nM)) for 12 h. (A) Metabonomics analysis identified the altered metabolites between GPER‐activated CAFs (treated with E2) and GPER‐inactivated CAFs (treated without E2). Relative metabolic signalling pathways were enriched using KEGG analysis. The ratio represents the number of altered metabolites to the total number of metabolites in the pathway. (B, C) The production of glutamine in NFs and CAFs (B) and the concentration of glutamine in CM (C) are shown (n = 3). (D) Western blotting was used to determine the expression of indicated glutamine synthesis‐related genes. (E) The efficiencies of GLUL silence in the indicated cells were detected by western blotting. (F, G) GLUL‐silenced CAFs were cultured with CM from BT549 or MDA‐MB‐231 in the presence of E2. The production of glutamine in CAFs (F) and the concentration of glutamine in CM (G) are shown (n = 3). Data represent mean ± SD. p‐values were calculated using a student t‐test. The significance of multiple group comparisons was analyzed by one‐way ANOVA. ** p < .01.