Table 3.
Covariate‐adjusted regression analyses examining sleep duration, sleep quality, and circadian preference as predictors of academic functioning
| Outcome variable | Sleep duration | Sleep quality | Circadian preference | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | SE | β | t | B | SE | β | t | B | SE | β | t | |
| Academic functioning | ||||||||||||
| Basic reading | −0.12 | 0.60 | −.01 | −0.20 | 0.39 | 0.73 | .04 | 0.52 | −0.04 | 0.15 | −.02 | −0.26 |
| Numerical operations | 0.47 | 0.96 | .03 | 0.49 | 0.94 | 1.16 | .05 | 0.81 | 0.79 | 0.23 | .20 | 3.38*** |
| Math fluency | 0.33 | 0.76 | .03 | 0.43 | −0.85 | 0.92 | −.06 | −0.92 | 0.62 | 0.19 | .20 | 3.36*** |
| Amotivation | −0.06 | 0.06 | −.06 | −0.95 | −0.003 | 0.08 | −.002 | −0.04 | −0.04 | 0.02 | −.18 | −2.82** |
| Intrinsic motivation | 0.07 | 0.08 | .05 | 0.89 | 0.19 | 0.09 | .13 | 2.02* | 0.06 | 0.02 | .19 | 3.06** |
| Extrinsic motivation | 0.06 | 0.07 | .05 | 0.83 | 0.20 | 0.09 | .15 | 2.28* | 0.01 | 0.02 | .02 | 0.29 |
| Executive functioning | ||||||||||||
| Self‐Report Beh Reg | −0.24 | 0.49 | −.03 | −0.50 | −0.88 | 0.60 | −.09 | −1.45 | −0.30 | 0.12 | −.14 | −2.52** |
| Self‐Report Emot Reg | −0.92 | 0.51 | −.10 | −1.80 | −0.99 | 0.63 | −.10 | −1.58 | −0.43 | 0.12 | −.20 | −3.43*** |
| Self‐Report Cog Reg | −0.77 | 0.47 | −.09 | −1.62 | −0.69 | 0.58 | −.07 | −1.18 | −0.59 | 0.12 | −.27 | −5.10*** |
| Parent‐Report Beh Reg | 0.78 | 0.49 | .08 | 1.58 | −1.35 | 0.60 | −.12 | −2.24* | −0.10 | 0.12 | −.04 | −0.86 |
| Parent‐Report Emot Reg | 0.91 | 0.52 | .09 | 1.74 | −1.67 | 0.64 | −.15 | −2.62** | −0.27 | 0.13 | −.11 | −2.11* |
| Parent‐Report Cog Reg | −0.03 | 0.44 | −.002 | −0.06 | −0.90 | 0.53 | −.07 | −1.69 | −0.32 | 0.11 | −.12 | −3.03** |
| Attentional functioning | ||||||||||||
| Self‐report | −0.02 | 0.02 | −.03 | −0.65 | −0.06 | 0.03 | −.11 | −1.88 | −0.03 | 0.01 | −.26 | −4.93*** |
| Parent‐report | 0.03 | 0.03 | .04 | 0.93 | −0.07 | 0.04 | −.09 | −2.03* | −0.02 | 0.01 | −.11 | −2.67** |
| Teacher‐report | 0.02 | 0.03 | .03 | 0.51 | −0.04 | 0.04 | −.06 | −0.98 | −0.01 | 0.01 | −.04 | −0.61 |
Covariates included: study group, sex, family income, pubertal development, and medication status. For sleep duration and sleep quality, higher scores indicate longer sleep duration and better sleep quality, respectively. For circadian preference, higher scores indicate greater morningness preference whereas lower scores indicate greater eveningness preference. ADHD‐IN, attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder inattentive symptoms; BRIEF‐2, Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function Second Edition; Beh Reg = behavior regulation index; Cog Reg, cognitive regulation index; Emot Reg, emotion regulation index.
*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.