Table 4.
Multiple linear regression analysis of the relationship between educational attainment, lifestyle, and health outcomes.
| Self-rated health | Depressive symptoms | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | Model 7 | Model 8 | Model 9 | Model 10 | Model 11 | Model 12 | |
| Educational attainment | 0.005*** | 0.004*** | 0.004*** | 0.004*** | 0.008*** | 0.008*** | –0.154*** | –0.159*** | –0.149*** | –0.149*** | –0.159*** | –0.178*** |
| (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.007) | (0.008) | (0.010) | (0.008) | (0.015) | (0.010) | |
| CPC member(ref: no) | 0.063*** | 0.061*** | 0.044** | 0.060*** | 0.096*** | 0.079*** | –0.713*** | –0.713*** | –0.490*** | –0.713*** | –0.866*** | –0.889*** |
| (0.011) | (0.013) | (0.019) | (0.013) | (0.018) | (0.015) | (0.088) | (0.104) | (0.142) | (0.104) | (0.215) | (0.128) | |
| Marital status(ref: not married) | –0.007 | 0.000 | 0.009 | –0.002 | –0.049*** | –0.030*** | –2.217*** | –2.338*** | –2.144*** | –2.367*** | –2.788*** | –1.958*** |
| (0.008) | (0.010) | (0.014) | (0.010) | (0.013) | (0.011) | (0.066) | (0.077) | (0.106) | (0.077) | (0.157) | (0.099) | |
| Gender(ref: female) | 0.203*** | 0.200*** | 0.244*** | 0.206*** | 0.188*** | 0.206*** | –1.342*** | –1.235*** | –1.470*** | –1.262*** | –0.937*** | –1.290*** |
| (0.007) | (0.008) | (0.010) | (0.008) | (0.011) | (0.009) | (0.052) | (0.061) | (0.080) | (0.061) | (0.129) | (0.076) | |
| Age | –0.024*** | –0.022*** | –0.022*** | –0.022*** | –0.023*** | –0.024*** | 0.013*** | –0.012*** | 0.016*** | 0.004* | –0.020*** | 0.006* |
| (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.003) | (0.002) | (0.005) | (0.003) | |
| Residence area (ref: rural) | –0.058*** | –0.052*** | –0.048*** | –0.056*** | –0.035*** | –0.057*** | –0.568*** | –0.617*** | –0.489*** | –0.494*** | –1.177*** | –0.806*** |
| (0.007) | (0.008) | (0.011) | (0.008) | (0.011) | (0.009) | (0.054) | (0.063) | (0.080) | (0.063) | (0.126) | (0.079) | |
| Income level (ref: Low-income group) | ||||||||||||
| Middle-income group | 0.114*** | 0.110*** | 0.121*** | 0.106*** | 0.103*** | 0.110*** | –1.218*** | –1.155*** | –1.189*** | –1.042*** | –0.830*** | –1.258*** |
| (0.008) | (0.010) | (0.014) | (0.010) | (0.013) | (0.011) | (0.064) | (0.078) | (0.108) | (0.078) | (0.155) | (0.094) | |
| High-income group | 0.160*** | 0.156*** | 0.154*** | 0.151*** | 0.182*** | 0.167*** | –1.828*** | –1.838*** | –1.557*** | –1.702*** | –1.965*** | –1.913*** |
| (0.009) | (0.010) | (0.015) | (0.011) | (0.014) | (0.012) | (0.072) | (0.084) | (0.115) | (0.085) | (0.160) | (0.107) | |
| Occupational type (ref: professional technicians and managers) | ||||||||||||
| Business service workers and office workers | 0.020 | 0.012 | 0.030 | 0.014 | 0.012 | 0.026 | 0.089 | 0.194* | 0.034 | 0.255** | 0.008 | –0.037 |
| (0.013) | (0.014) | (0.018) | (0.014) | (0.022) | (0.018) | (0.100) | (0.108) | (0.137) | (0.108) | (0.265) | (0.162) | |
| Production workers | 0.042*** | 0.028* | 0.041** | 0.027* | 0.029 | 0.055*** | 0.151 | 0.367*** | 0.210 | 0.376*** | 0.488* | 0.101 |
| (0.013) | (0.014) | (0.018) | (0.014) | (0.023) | (0.018) | (0.104) | (0.112) | (0.140) | (0.113) | (0.269) | (0.167) | |
| Farmers and the unemployed | –0.018 | –0.036*** | 0.011 | –0.033** | –0.030 | 0.012 | –0.201** | 0.071 | 0.113 | 0.136 | –0.191 | –0.435*** |
| (0.013) | (0.014) | (0.019) | (0.014) | (0.021) | (0.017) | (0.098) | (0.109) | (0.147) | (0.110) | (0.252) | (0.155) | |
| Geographic location (ref: western China) | ||||||||||||
| Central China | 0.087*** | 0.099*** | 0.093*** | 0.089*** | 0.093*** | 0.086*** | –1.481*** | –1.183*** | –1.375*** | –0.969*** | –0.878*** | –1.916*** |
| (0.008) | (0.010) | (0.013) | (0.009) | (0.013) | (0.011) | (0.065) | (0.076) | (0.098) | (0.076) | (0.154) | (0.095) | |
| Eastern China | 0.078*** | 0.092*** | 0.101*** | 0.079*** | 0.085*** | 0.072*** | –1.822*** | –1.713*** | –1.812*** | –1.447*** | –1.318*** | –2.058*** |
| (0.008) | (0.009) | (0.012) | (0.009) | (0.012) | (0.010) | (0.061) | (0.072) | (0.092) | (0.072) | (0.146) | (0.091) | |
| Year | ||||||||||||
| 2014 | 0.216*** | 0.201*** | 0.203*** | |||||||||
| (0.010) | (0.014) | (0.009) | ||||||||||
| 2016 | 0.140*** | –0.072*** | 0.156*** | –0.073*** | –0.218*** | –0.293*** | 0.788*** | |||||
| (0.009) | (0.010) | (0.017) | (0.010) | (0.016) | (0.067) | (0.123) | ||||||
| 2018 | 0.166*** | –0.049*** | 0.144*** | –0.052*** | –0.190*** | 0.530*** | 0.750*** | 1.202*** | 0.721*** | |||
| (0.010) | (0.010) | (0.014) | (0.010) | (0.017) | (0.069) | (0.066) | (0.098) | (0.066) | ||||
| 2020 | 0.259*** | 0.040*** | 0.225*** | 0.027** | 0.030** | 0.239*** | 0.553*** | 0.791*** | 1.468*** | 0.843*** | –0.325** | 0.454*** |
| (0.011) | (0.011) | (0.016) | (0.011) | (0.012) | (0.011) | (0.076) | (0.073) | (0.106) | (0.074) | (0.132) | (0.081) | |
| Exercise time | 0.018*** | –0.214*** | ||||||||||
| (0.001) | (0.012) | |||||||||||
| Sleeping time | 0.036*** | –0.595*** | ||||||||||
| (0.002) | (0.019) | |||||||||||
| Overtime | –0.001*** | 0.020*** | ||||||||||
| (0.000) | (0.002) | |||||||||||
| Leisure time | –0.001 | –0.040*** | ||||||||||
| (0.000) | (0.003) | |||||||||||
| Housework time | 0.021*** | 0.100*** | ||||||||||
| (0.003) | (0.029) | |||||||||||
| Protein intake (ref: no) | 0.057*** | –1.911*** | ||||||||||
| (0.012) | (0.139) | |||||||||||
| Constant | 3.601*** | 3.487*** | 3.564*** | 3.821*** | 3.775*** | 3.597*** | 39.198*** | 43.923*** | 37.304*** | 38.608*** | 41.148*** | 41.344*** |
| (0.021) | (0.032) | (0.035) | (0.023) | (0.032) | (0.028) | (0.162) | (0.254) | (0.265) | (0.183) | (0.415) | (0.274) | |
| Observations | 137,632 | 104,797 | 55,028 | 105,007 | 56,906 | 80,548 | 103,574 | 75,900 | 41,389 | 75,960 | 20,721 | 46,705 |
| R-squared | 0.134 | 0.119 | 0.096 | 0.117 | 0.139 | 0.141 | 0.078 | 0.076 | 0.070 | 0.067 | 0.070 | 0.090 |
Standard errors in parentheses. ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1.