Numbers of IgA-producing cells in the ileal lamina propria and colonic lamina propria of GF mice, SFB-mice, Clost-mice, mice associated with both SFB and clostridia (SFB + Clost), and Cvd mice. The data are means plus the standard deviations (n = 3 or 4) and were reproducible in the experiment involving the first generation. The letters a, b, c, and d indicate statistically significant differences from the SFB, Clost, SFB + Clost, and Cvd groups, respectively. Single letter, P < 0.05; double letters, P < 0.01.