Table 1.
Characteristics of patients stratified by RC quartiles
| Characteristics | Total (n = 23755) |
Quartiles of RC | P Value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | |||
| RC < 0.361 (n = 6090) |
0.361 ≤ RC < 0.541 (n = 5797) |
0.541 ≤ RC < 0.801 (n = 5937) |
RC ≥ 0.801 (n = 5931) |
|||
| Age (years) | 46.02 ± 18.48 | 42.10 ± 18.44 | 45.19 ± 18.81 | 48.29 ± 18.41 | 48.60 ± 17.49 | < 0.001 |
| sex, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| Male | 11,588 (48.8) | 2722 (44.7) | 2730 (47.1) | 2984 (50.3) | 3152 (53.1) | |
| Female | 12,167 (51.2) | 3368 (55.3) | 3067 (52.9) | 2953 (49.7) | 2779 (46.9) | |
| Race, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| Mexican American | 4512 (19.0) | 843 (13.8) | 965 (16.6) | 1201 (20.2) | 1503 (25.3) | |
| Other Hispanic | 2117(8.9) | 428(7.0) | 520(9.0) | 576(9.7) | 593 (10.0) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 9527 (40.1) | 2010 (33.0) | 2289 (39.5) | 2588 (43.6) | 2640 (44.5) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 5054 (21.3) | 2179 (35.8) | 1405 (24.2) | 935 (15.7) | 535(9.0) | |
| Other Race | 2545 (10.7) | 630 (10.3) | 618 (10.7) | 637 (10.7) | 660 (11.1) | |
| Education levels, n(%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| < high school | 6380 (26.9) | 1414 (23.2) | 1468 (25.3) | 1659 (27.9) | 1839 (31.0) | |
| =high school | 6151 (25.9) | 1629 (26.7) | 1539 (26.5) | 1470 (24.8) | 1513 (25.5) | |
| > high school | 11,224 (47.2) | 3047 (50.0) | 2790 (48.1) | 2808 (47.3) | 2579 (43.5) | |
| SBP (mmHg) | 122.67 ± 18.68 | 119.89 ± 18.27 | 121.70 ± 18.51 | 123.81 ± 19.01 | 125.33 ± 18.47 | < 0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 70.13 ± 12.22 | 69.00 ± 11.95 | 69.66 ± 12.18 | 70.40 ± 12.13 | 71.46 ± 12.49 | < 0.001 |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 71.04 ± 11.86 | 69.77 ± 11.38 | 70.44 ± 11.61 | 70.96 ± 11.81 | 73.01 ± 12.36 | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.76 ± 6.88 | 27.27 ± 6.78 | 28.24 ± 6.95 | 29.30 ± 7.02 | 30.25 ± 6.39 | < 0.001 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.34 ± 0.76 | 0.70 ± 0.25 | 0.98 ± 0.28 | 1.34 ± 0.34 | 2.33 ± 0.73 | < 0.001 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.94 ± 1.07 | 4.46 ± 0.94 | 4.74 ± 0.93 | 5.05 ± 0.99 | 5.52 ± 1.12 | < 0.001 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.93 ± 0.93 | 2.67 ± 0.84 | 2.84 ± 0.86 | 3.04 ± 0.90 | 3.17 ± 1.01 | < 0.001 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.39 ± 0.40 | 1.54 ± 0.42 | 1.45 ± 0.39 | 1.36 ± 0.38 | 1.20 ± 0.35 | < 0.001 |
| Creatinine (µmol/L) | 76.82 ± 38.36 | 75.24 ± 39.22 | 77.08 ± 36.97 | 77.70 ± 37.15 | 77.29 ± 39.91 | 0.002 |
| Blood nitrogen urea (mmol/L) | 4.74 ± 2.01 | 4.64 ± 1.78 | 4.72 ± 1.99 | 4.80 ± 2.03 | 4.78 ± 2.22 | < 0.001 |
| ALT (U/L) | 20 [15, 28] | 18 [14, 24] | 19 [15, 26] | 21 [16, 28] | 23 [17, 32] | < 0.001 |
| AST (U/L) | 22 [18, 27] | 21 [17, 25] | 21 [18, 26] | 22 [19, 27] | 23 [19, 28] | < 0.001 |
| FBG (mmol/L) | 5.92 ± 1.87 | 5.56 ± 1.27 | 5.70 ± 1.40 | 6.02 ± 1.91 | 6.38 ± 2.53 | < 0.001 |
| FSI (pmol/L) | 9.7 [6.2, 15.6] | 7.7 [5.1, 11.7] | 8.7 [5.7, 13.7] | 10.3 [6.6, 16.3] | 13.0 [8.4, 20.4] | < 0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 3.75 ± 6.00 | 2.61 ± 3.96 | 3.16 ± 4.83 | 3.96 ± 6.40 | 5.28 ± 7.75 | < 0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.66 ± 1.05 | 5.49 ± 0.77 | 5.55 ± 0.86 | 5.74 ± 1.12 | 5.88 ± 1.31 | < 0.001 |
| Uric acid (µmol/L) | 322.12 ± 85.26 | 301.35 ± 80.26 | 315.89 ± 81.67 | 327.17 ± 83.54 | 344.46 ± 89.42 | < 0.001 |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 139.44 ± 2.38 | 139.62 ± 2.39 | 139.50 ± 2.35 | 139.49 ± 2.36 | 139.14 ± 2.40 | < 0.001 |
| Potassium (mmol/L) | 4.04 ± 0.34 | 4.04 ± 0.34 | 4.03 ± 0.34 | 4.05 ± 0.34 | 4.05 ± 0.34 | 0.115 |
| Medical history, n(%) | ||||||
| Hypertension | 7365 (31.0) | 1547 (25.4) | 1663 (28.7) | 1994 (33.6) | 2161 (36.4) | < 0.001 |
| Self-reported of diabetes | 2528 (10.6) | 440(7.2) | 496(8.6) | 729 (12.3) | 863 (14.6) | < 0.001 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 6731 (28.3) | 1193 (19.6) | 1408 (24.3) | 1846 (31.1) | 2284 (38.5) | < 0.001 |
| Congestive heart failure | 610(2.6) | 122(2.0) | 134(2.3) | 165(2.8) | 189(3.2) | < 0.001 |
| CAD | 775(3.3) | 143(2.3) | 185(3.2) | 210(3.5) | 237(4.0) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 1586(6.7) | 305(5.0) | 380(6.6) | 432(7.3) | 469(7.9) | < 0.001 |
| Stroke | 696(2.9) | 152(2.5) | 165(2.8) | 187(3.1) | 192(3.2) | 0.067 |
The specific RC boundaries for each quartile were as follows: Quartile 1 (Q1) (RC < 0.36 mg/dL), Quartile 2 (Q2) (0.361 ≤ RC < 0.541 mg/dL), Quartile 3 (Q3) (0.541 ≤ RC < 0.801 mg/dL), and Quartile 4 (Q4) (RC ≥ 0.801 mg/dL). Values were presented as means ± standard deviations for continuous variables and as counts (percentages) for categorical variables. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA for normally distributed continuous variables, the Kruskal-Wallis test for non-normally distributed continuous variables, and the Chi-square test for categorical variables. Abbreviation: RC: remnant cholesterol; SBP: Systolic Blood Pressure; DBP: Diastolic Blood Pressure; BMI: Body Mass Index; TG: Triglycerides; TC: Total Cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol; HDL-C: High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol; ALT: Alanine Aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate Aminotransferase; FBG: Fasting Blood Glucose; FSI: Fasting Serum Insulin; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance; HbA1c: Glycated Hemoglobin; CAD: Coronary Artery Disease