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. 2024 Dec 18;55:169. doi: 10.1186/s13567-024-01415-6

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Monitoring of H5N1 AIV shedding, HI Ab levels, and T lymphocyte percentages post-infection. Virus (H5N1 AIV) shedding was monitored via detection of the viral load in oropharyngeal (A) and cloacal (B) swabs. Statistical analyses of the virus titre in swabs at various time points were performed using one-way ANOVA. C HI Ab levels were monitored in 1% chicken RBCs. A value > 4 (dotted line) was considered HI Ab positive. One-way ANOVA was used for statistical comparisons. The percentages of CD8⁺ T cells (D) and CD4⁺ T cells (E) in the control group and infection group at various time points were detected. The cells (2 × 10⁵) from each sample were collected for flow cytometric analysis. The results are presented as the means ± SEMs, and the unpaired t test was used for statistical comparison. H5N1 virus shedding and H5N1 HI Ab expression in the control group were negative at various time points (data not shown). Three ducks in the infected and control groups were randomly selected for sampling and detection. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. ns, not significant.