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. 2024 Dec 18;55:169. doi: 10.1186/s13567-024-01415-6

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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In vitro culture and response of H5N1 AIV-stimulated CD8⁺T cells from B1-line ducks. A Diagram of in vitro culture and response detection of H5N1 avian influenza virus-specific duck CD8⁺ T cells. B Flow cytometry detection of the proliferation of CFSE-labelled PBMCs stimulated with H5N1 AIV. The red sample indicates CFSE-labelled memory PBMCs without stimulation. The orange and blue samples represent CFSE-labelled PBMCs cultured for 6 and 9 days after H5N1 AIV stimulation, respectively. The percentage of CD8⁺ T cells (C) and the number of CD8⁺ T cells (D) in H5N1-stimulated and unstimulated cells after 7 days of culture. CD8⁺ T-cell percentage or number data were collected from three replicates in two independent experiments. The results are presented as the means ± SEM, and the unpaired t test was used for statistical comparison. E Changes in the transcription of H5N1 AIV-specific CD8⁺ T cells were detected via qRT-PCR. CD8⁺ T cells were sorted from H5N1-stimulated and unstimulated PBMCs after 7 days of culture. The data were collected from three biological samples in triplicate from each H5N1-stimulated and unstimulated group. The results are presented as the means ± SEM, and paired t tests were used for statistical comparisons. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.