Table 6.
The association between availability and the dietary quality score (DQS) across food outlet types displayed with beta coefficients, 95% CI, p-value and further Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), Akaike weights and Evidence ratio of Akaike weights in model 3. DQS ranges from 0–8 where higher scores represent healthier eating habits. Model 1 include DQS and availability; Model 2 add age, gender, ethnicity, labor market affiliation, income, and educational level; Model 3 is fully adjusted, incorporating Model 2 variables and urbanicity. Parameter estimates in the table are not corrected for multiple comparisons. Data not weighed to account for the difference in non-response. N = 71,851
| Availability1 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Density2 | Estimate (95% CI) [p-value] | Estimate (95% CI) [p-value] | Estimate (95% CI) [p-value] | AIC (Model 3) (Akaike weightsa) [Evidence ratiob,c] |
| Fast-food | ||||
| 0–5 | -0.010 | -0.007 | -0.017 | 259,464 |
| (-0.018;-0.002) | (-0.0147;0.0003) | (-0.025;-0.009) | (0.9817) | |
| [0.0167] | [0.0603] | [< 0.0001] | [2980] | |
| > 5 | 0.018 | 0.014 | 0.023 | [55]c |
| 0.008;0.027 | (0.006;0.023) | (0.015;0.032) | ||
| [0.0003] | [0.0014] | [< 0.0001] | ||
| Convenience | ||||
| 0–3 | -0.022 | -0.013 | -0.023 | 259,467 |
| (-0.037;-0.008) | (-0.26;0.0003) | (-0.042;0.023) | (0.9817) | |
| [0.0027] | [0.06] | [< 0.0001] | [55] | |
| > 3 | 0.045 | 0.034 | 0.045 | |
| (0.025;0.064) | (0.012:0.051) | (0.028;0.063) | ||
| [< 0.0001] | [0.0002] | [< 0.0001] | ||
| Supermarkets | ||||
| 0–3 | -0.021 | -0.011 | -0.022 | 259,479 |
| (-0.033;-0.008) | (-0.023;0.0002) | (-0.034;-0.010) | (0.1192) | |
| [0.001] | [0.056] | [0.0002] | [0.14] | |
| > 3 | 0.037 | 0.030 | 0.036 | |
| (0.0154;0.060) | (0.009;0.050) | (0.016;0.056) | ||
| [0.0009] | [0.0045] | [0.0004] | ||
| Restaurants | ||||
| 0–3 | -0.022 | -0.016 | -0.025 | 259,471 |
| (-0.033;-0.009) | (-0.028;-0.005) | (-0.036:-0–013) | (0.9933) | |
| [0.0005] | [0.0041] | [< 0.0001] | [148] | |
| > 3–31 | 0.031 | 0.024 | 0.032 | |
| (0.017;0.0443) | (0.012;0.034) | (0.019;0.044) | ||
| [< 0.0001] | [0.0002] | [0.002] | ||
| > 31 | -0.007 | -0.007 | -0.006 | |
| (-0.012;-0.003) | (-0.011;-0.003) | (-0.009;-0.002) | ||
| [0.0012] | [0.0004] | [0.002] | ||
| Proportion3,4 | ||||
| Fast-food3 | 0.032 | 0.023 | -0.038 | 259,480 |
| (-0.027;0.0091) | (-0.032;0.078) | (-0.093;0.018) | (0.0003) | |
| [0.29] | [0.41] | [0.18] | ||
| Convenience | 259,475 | |||
| -0.050 | -0.038 | -0.080 | (0.018) | |
| (-0.119;0.018) | (-0.103;0.027) | (-0.145;-0.015) | ||
| [0.15] | [0.26] | [0.016] | ||
| Supermarkets | 259,475 | |||
| -0.076 | -0.050 | -0.073 | (0.881 | |
| (-0.135;-0.018) | (-0.107;0.004) | (-0.128;-0.017) | ||
| [0.01] | [0.07] | [0.01] | ||
| Restaurants | 259,481 | |||
| 0.034 | 0.035 | 0.016 | (0.0067) | |
| (-0.020;0.088) | (-0.017;0.086) | (-0.034;0.067) | ||
| [0.22] | [0.17] | [0.53] | ||
| Fast-food4 | 259,472 | |||
| -0.014 | -0.013 | -0.058 | (0.018) | |
| (-0.052;0.023) | (-0.048;0.022) | (-0.093;-0.022) | ||
| [0.46] | [0.47] | [0.0017] | ||
1 Within a residential 800m network buffer
2 Count per km2
3 Proportion out of all food outlets (fast-food, convenience stores supermarkets, restaurants, and specialized food outlets)
4 Proportion of all “eating out” opportunities (fast-food and restaurants)
aAkaike weights determined for models with availability measures (density vs. proportion) within each outlet type
b Akaike weights from model with food outlet density divided by Akaike weights from model with food outlet proportions for each outlet type
c Akaike weights from model with fast-food density /fast-food proportion of all “eating out” opportunities