Table 2.

The performance of the novice first postgraduate-year (PGY-1) residents and undergraduate year (UGY) students

Variables	PGY-1† (n = 18)	UGY† (n = 18)	p-value
Thoracocentesis
Low-fidelity phantom
Visualization of pleura, lung, and effusion	3 (3–5)	4(4)	0.577
Visualization of needle	5 (4–5)	5 (5)	0.270
Puncture and fluid aspiration	3 (3–4)	4 (3–5)	0.353
Needle steadiness during aspiration	4 (3–5)	5 (4–5)	0.173
Total score	16 (15–18)	18 (16–18)	0.208
Global rating*	3 (3–4)	4 (3.5–4)	0.095
Puncture attempt	1 (1–2)	1 (1–2)	1.000
Puncture time (sec)*	55 (43–115)	60 (39–150)	0.665
High-fidelity phantom
Visualization of pleura, lung, and effusion	4 (3–5)	5 (3–5)	0.181
Visualization of needle	5 (3–5)	5 (5)	0.218
Puncture and fluid aspiration	5 (3–5)	5 (5)	0.710
Needle steadiness during aspiration	5 (5)	5 (5)	1
Total score	19 (14–20)	20 (18–20)	0.331
Global rating*	4.5 (4–5)	5 (4–5)	0.680
Puncture attempt	1 (1)	1 (1)	1.000
Puncture time (sec)*	13 (9–33)	13 (10–30)	0.721
Pericardiocentesis
Low-fidelity phantom
Visualization of heart, pericardium, and effusion	4 (3–5)	4 (4–5)	0.569
Visualization of needle	4 (4–5)	4 (4–4.5)	0.426
Puncture and fluid aspiration	4 (3–4)	4.5 (4–5)	0.107
Needle steadiness during aspiration	3 (3–3.5)	4 (3–5)	0.023
Total score	17 (13–17.5)	17 (15–19)	0.246
Global rating*	4 (3–4.5)	4.5 (4–5)	0.051
Puncture attempt	2 (1–2)	1 (1–2)	0.280
Puncture time (sec)*	113 (59–203)	67 (45–117)	0.033
High-fidelity phantom
Visualization of heart, pericardium, and effusion	5 (3–5)	5 (3–5)	0.692
Visualization of needle	5 (5)	5 (3–5)	0.351
Puncture and fluid aspiration	4 (3–5)	4 (3–5)	1
Needle steadiness during aspiration	5 (3–5)	4 (3–5)	0.726
Total score	17 (14–20)	16 (14–20)	0.596
Global rating*	3 (2.5–5)	3 (3–4)	0.898
Puncture attempt	2 (1–2)	2 (1–2)	0.906
Puncture time (sec)*	62 (30–129)	47 (19–108)	0.389

^*presented with median and interquartile ranges

^†PGY-1  First postgraduate year, UGY  Undergraduate year