Fig. 1.

Characteristics of Secondary Metabolites and Triterpenoid Content in C. paliurus.A: Breakdown of the categories and proportions of secondary metabolites in C. paliurus, highlighting the dominance of flavonoids and phenolic acids. B: Seasonal variation in total triterpenoid content in C. paliurus leaves from August to November. Statistically significant differences between months are denoted by different letters (p < 0.05). C: Composition and relative proportions of different terpenoid subclasses, including triterpenoids, diterpenoids, triterpenoid saponins, and sesquiterpenoids, across the months. D: Pearson correlation coefficients of the samples within the same month, indicating strong biological repeatability, as demonstrated by values close to 1