. 2024 Dec 18;66:62. doi: 10.1186/s13028-024-00782-6

Table 7.

Efficacy of GAA supplementation on small intestine morphological characteristics of broilers reared under HSD conditions

	GAA (g/kg feed)	Duodenum				Jejunum				Ileum
	GAA (g/kg feed)	VL. D (μm)	VW. D (μm)	L: W ratio. D	ASA. D (mm²)	VL. J (μm)	VW. J (μm)	L: W ratio. J	ASA. J (mm²)	VL. I (μm)	VW. I (μm)	L: W ratio. I	ASA. I (mm²)
lSD	0	1219.70	127.76	9.87	39.47	874.24	109.68	8.01	32.06	494.65^a	147.28^a	3.36	16.16
LSD	0.6	1307.26	134.47	10.03	40.11	782.14	111.69	7.25	28.99	468.42^a	135.95^ab	3.45	14.54
HSD	0	1187.94	140.52	8.46	33.85	882.16	130.98	7.02	28.07	412.04^b	116.27^b	3.54	12.85
HSD	0.6	1174.23	138.22	8.87	35.47	636.72	105.09	6.25	24.98	408.89^b	121.38^ab	3.37	11.42
Pooled SEM		49.34	4.26	0.49	1.97	43.34	3.89	0.44	1.77	35.59	6.59	0.31	1.26
P value
SD		0.429	0.359	0.217	0.217	0.414	0.317	0.279	0.279	0.041	0.015	0.763	0.763
GAA		0.722	0.805	0.782	0.782	0.052	0.110	0.402	0.402	0.152	0.413	0.363	0.363
SD × GAA		0.626	0.615	0.904	0.904	0.363	0.064	0.998	0.998	0.354	0.352	0.425	0.425

P value in bold are statistically significant

VL. D, villus length of duodenum; VW. D, villus width of duodenum; L: W ratio. D, length: width ratio of duodenum; ASA. D, absorptive surface area of the duodenum; VL. J, villus length of jejunum; VW. J, villus width of jejunum; L: W ratio. J, length: width ratio of jejunum; ASA. J, absorptive surface area of jejunum; VL. I, villus length of ileum; VL. I, villus width of ileum; L: W ratio. I, length: width ratio of ileum; ASA. I, absorptive surface area of the ileum; LSD, low stocking density (10 birds/m²); HSD, high stocking density (16 birds/m²); SD, stocking density; GAA, guanidinoacetic acid (0.6 g/kg) feed

^a,bDifferent superscript letters in the same column indicate a significant difference (P < 0.05), Pooled SEM: total SEM