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. 2024 Dec 14;17:2865–2874. doi: 10.2147/CCID.S487711

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© 2024 Chen et al.

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Targeted therapeutic strategies for ICI–induced refractory bullous pemphigoid. The flowchart outlines the evaluation and treatment strategies based on clinical manifestations and serum response. It categorizes therapeutic options such as dupilumab, omalizumab, and rituximab, considering factors such as allergy/asthma history, serum IgE, eosinophil count, and cytokine levels. It also provides guidance on the use of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy, antibiotics, or antiviral prophylaxis.