Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics
| Total | MOUD | MABT + MOUD | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 303 | 148 | 155 |
| Age, median (range) | 40 (21–73) | 41 (22–71) | 37 (21–73) |
| Gender identity | |||
| Male | 144 (48%) | 69 (47%) | 75 (48%) |
| Female | 157 (52%) | 78 (53%) | 79 (51%) |
| Non-binary | 2 (1%) | 1 (1%) | 1 (1%) |
| Hispanic | 27 (9%) | 15 (10%) | 12 (8%) |
| Race | |||
| White | 238 (79%) | 113 (76%) | 125 (81%) |
| More than one race | 28 (9%) | 19 (13%) | 9 (6%) |
| Black or African American | 16 (5%) | 7 (5%) | 9 (6% |
| Native American | 13 (4%) | 4 (3%) | 9 (6%) |
| Asian | 3 (1%) | 2 (1%) | 1 (1%) |
| Hawaiian or Pacific Islander | 4 (1%) | 3 (2%) | 1 (1%) |
| Marital status | |||
| Married or domestic partnership | 51 (17%) | 27 (18%) | 24 (15%) |
| Single | 215 (71%) | 97 (66%) | 118 (76%) |
| Unknown (endorsed “other”) | 36 (12%) | 23 (16%) | 13 (8%) |
| Highest education level | |||
| 11th grade or less | 36 (12%) | 15 (10%) | 21 (14%) |
| High school or GED | 132 (44%) | 65 (44%) | 67 (43%) |
| Two-year college/technical school | 103 (34%) | 55 (37%) | 48 (31%) |
| College degree (e.g., BA, BS) | 32 (11%) | 13 (9%) | 19 (13%) |
| Monthly income | |||
| No monthly income | 47 (16%) | 27 (18%) | 20 (13%) |
| Some income but less than US$1000 | 132 (44%) | 64 (43%) | 68 (44%) |
| US$1000 or more | 124 (41%) | 57 (39%) | 67 (43%) |
| Employed | 104 (35%) | 47 (31%) | 57 (37%) |
| Full-time | 69 (23%) | 33 (22%) | 36 (23%) |
| Part-time | 35 (12%) | 14 (9%) | 21 (14%) |
| Insurancea | |||
| Medicaid | 219 (72%) | 107 (72%) | 112 (72%) |
| Medicare | 69 (23%) | 36 (24%) | 33 (21%) |
| Private | 36 (12%) | 13 (9%) | 23 (15%) |
| None | 5 (2%) | 4 (3%) | 1 (1%) |
| Chronic pain 3 months or more | 172 (57%) | 87 (59%) | 85 (55%) |
| Received mental health care in past 3 months | 141 (47%) | 66 (45%) | 75 (48%) |
| Above cut-off mental health disorder | |||
| Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)b | 124 (41%) | 62 (42%) | 62 (40%) |
| Moderate depressionc | 147 (49%) | 70 (47%) | 77 (48%) |
| Moderate anxietyd | 121 (40%) | 56 (38%) | 65 (41%) |
| Lifetime trauma exposure (TLEQ) | |||
| Childhood sexual abuse | 165 (54%) | 86 (58%) | 79 (51%) |
| Childhood physical abuse | 127 (42%) | 66 (45%) | 61 (40%) |
| Adult sexual assault | 110 (37%) | 54 (36%) | 56 (37%) |
| Adult physical assault by stranger | 163 (54%) | 84 (57%) | 79 (51%) |
| Intimate partner violence (IPV) | 223 (74%) | 113 (80%) | 110 (77%) |
| Accidents/non-interpersonal trauma | 243 (86%) | 117 (82%) | 126 (89%) |
| Medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) | |||
| Methadone | 35 (12%) | 17 (12%) | 18 (13%) |
| Buprenorphine | 249 (88%) | 125 (88%) | 124 (87%) |
| Time in treatment prior to enrollment | |||
| 3–6 months | 25 (9%) | 10 (7%) | 15 (11%) |
| 6–12 months | 44 (15%) | 16 (11%) | 28 (20%) |
| > 12 months | 188 (66%) | 100 (70%) | 88 (62%) |
No significant differences between study groups. Values are number (percentage) unless otherwise indicated
a
Participants could select multiple responses
b
PCL-5 ≥ 31
c
PHQ-9 ≥ 10
d
GAD-7 ≥ 10