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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Dec 18.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Bioeng. 2024 Sep 23;2(11):916–929. doi: 10.1038/s44222-024-00231-z

Fig. 1 |. Cancer-immunity cycle.

Fig. 1 |

Antigens are released from dead or dying cancer cells. These antigens are then presented by dendritic cells and trafficked to lymph nodes, where T cells are primed and activated. Activated T cells infiltrate tumour sites to induce more cancer-cell death. The cancer-immunity cycle can be activated by oncolytic viruses that infect cancer cells to trigger their oncolysis and subsequent antigen release. Alternatively, viruses and virus-like particles (VLPs) can be designed to bind to specific receptors on cancer cells, promoting stimulation of the immune system by stimulating type I interferon (IFN) signalling.