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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Dec 18.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Bioeng. 2024 Sep 23;2(11):916–929. doi: 10.1038/s44222-024-00231-z

Fig. 4 |. Mechanism of action of virus-based intratumoural immunotherapy.

Fig. 4 |

a, Oncolytic viruses selectively infect and lyse tumour cells to release antigens. Antigens are used by dendritic cells to prime CD8+ T cells, which induce tumour killing. b, Plant viruses and virus-like particles (VLPs) are recognized by the immune system, which, in response, launches an activation programme. Recognized antigens prime CD8+ T cells for tumour killing. TME, tumour microenvironment; TVEC, herpes simplex virus 1; PVSRIPO, poliovirus; CAVATAK, coxsackievirus.