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. 2024 Nov 27;636(8043):690–696. doi: 10.1038/s41586-024-08185-3

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a, Rank correlations between initial properties and the resistance (left) and resilience (right) of community function following disturbance. Resistance and resilience are quantified as the negative Bray–Curtis dissimilarity of metagenome-derived functional (protein-level) matrices between control and treatment directly following either the disturbance (S1) or 1 month of recovery (S4), respectively. The order of initial properties on the y axis is determined by complete-linkage clustering according to their correlations with resistance–resilience across perturbations. b, Relationship of soil functional measurements (enzyme activities, microbial substrate use, gas fluxes and soil C and N concentrations) and the relative abundance of finest-scale functional categories (proteins) from the metagenomes. Distances among soil samples were calculated for both the relative abundances of all functional categories in the metagenomes and each of the four classes of functional soil measurements. For each treatment and time point, coloured tiles show the rank correlation between these two distance matrices, with asterisks indicating the significance (two-tailed Mantel test, n_perm = 999; ***P ≤ 0.001, **P ≤ 0.01, *P ≤ 0.05, ^·P ≤ 0.1, uncorrected for multiple testing). Note the different colour scales in a and b. Ammonium, plant available ammonium concentration; C:N ratio, soil carbon:nitrogen ratio; DOC, dissolved organic carbon concentration; DON, dissolved organic nitrogen concentration; MAP, mean annual precipitation; MAT, mean annual temperature; Nitrate, plant available nitrate concentration; P_length, difference between P_max and P_min; P_max, annual precipitation maximum; P_min, annual precipitation minimum; T_length, difference between T_max and T_min; T_max, maximum annual temperature; T_min, minimum annual temperature; Total C, total soil carbon content; Total dissolved N, total dissolved nitrogen concentration; Total N, total soil nitrogen content; WHC, soil moisture content expressed as percentage of moisture content at 100% water-holding capacity; WHC₁₀₀, soil moisture content at 100% WHC.