Table 3B.
Intervention-related changes to cardiorespiratory and functional fitness measurements.
| Group | Time point | Analysis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-intervention | Post-intervention | % Δ | Interaction (time × group) | Main effect time | Main effect group | ||
| Cardiorespiratory fitness | |||||||
| Anaerobic threshold (mL·kg−1·min−1) | Exercise Control | 14.2 ± 2.3 13.2 ± 3.5 |
14.1 ± 2.3 12.7 ± 4.7 |
− 1 − 4 | F = .28, p = .60, partial η2 = .01 |
F = .64, p = .43, partial η2 = .03 | F = .88, p = .36, partial η2 = .04 |
| Anaerobic threshold (mL·lean mass kg−1·min−1) | Exercise Control | 21.4 ± 2.9 19.7 ± 4.1 |
20.9 ± 3.2 18.5 ± 5.6 |
− 3 − 6 | F = 1.0, p = .33, partial η2 = .05 |
F = 2.1, p = .16, partial η2 = .09 | F = 1.6, p = .23, partial η2 = .07 |
| Anaerobic threshold (W) | Exercise Control | 58.5 ± 12.5 60.5 ± 24.1 |
62.5 ± 11.7 61.8 ± 25.7 |
+ 7 + 2 | F = 1.0, p = .33, partial η2 = .05 |
F = 4.0, p = .06, partial η2 = .16 | F = .01, p = .94, partial η2 = .00 |
| Anaerobic threshold (HR bpm) | Exercise Control | 110 ± 11 107 ± 23 |
99 ± 16#
98 ± 17# |
− 11 − 9 | F = .114, p = .74, partial η2 = .01 | F = 9.5, p = .01, partial η2 = .31 | F = .12, p = .74, partial η2 = .01 |
| Anaerobic threshold (%HRmax) | Exercise Control | 69 ± 8 67 ± 15 |
62 ± 11##
60 ± 10## |
− 10 − 11 | F = .003, p = .96, partial η2 = .00 | F = 11.6, p = .003, partial η2 = .36 | F = .36, p = .55, partial η2 = .02 |
| Functional fitness | |||||||
| 8ft up-and-go (s) | Exercise Control | 6.2 ± 1.8 5.7 ± 1.2 |
5.4 ± 1 5.5 ± 1.1 |
− 13 − 3 | F = .83, p = .37, partial η2 = .04 |
F = 2.4, p = .13, partial η2 = .10 | F = .34, p = .57, partial η2 = .02 |
| Sit-to-stand (number in 30 s) | Exercise Control | 14 ± 3 14 ± 5 |
16 ± 4# 15 ± 5# |
+ 13 + 8 | F = .42, p = .52, partial η2 = .02 |
F = 9.5, p = .01, partial η2 = .30 | F = 9.5, p = .70, partial η2 = .01 |
| Grip strength (kg) | |||||||
| Right | Exercise Control | 27 ± 11 32 ± 12 |
27 ± 12 33 ± 11 |
− 0.1 + 3 | F = .39, p = .54, partial η2 = .02 |
F = .33, p = .57, partial η2 = .02 | F = .16, p = .27, partial η2 = .06 |
| Left | Exercise Control | 26 ± 10 30 ± 11 |
26 ± 10 32 ± 11 |
− 1 + 7 | F = 2.3, p = .14, partial η2 = .095 |
F = 1.6, p = .22, partial η2 = .07 | F = 1.2, p = .28, partial η2 = .05 |
| Upper-limb flexibility (cm) | |||||||
| Right | Exercise Control | − 1 ± 9 − 4 ± 10 |
2 ± 8 − 4 ± 9 |
+ 247 + 7 | F = 2.7, p = .12, partial η2 = .11 |
F = .63, p = .44, partial η2 = .03 | F = .1.2, p = .30, partial η2 = .05 |
| Left | Exercise Control | − 4 ± 7$
− 13 ± 12$ |
− 3 ± 9$
− 13 ± 13$ |
+ 27 − 1 | F = .34, p = .57, partial η2 = .02 |
F = .29, p = .60, partial η2 = .01 | F = 5.1, p = .03, partial η2 = .20 |
| Lower-limb flexibility (cm) | |||||||
| Right | Exercise Control | 4 ± 7 − 3 ± 11 |
5 ± 7 0.1 ± 13 |
+ 21 + 102 | F = 1.1, p = .30, partial η2 = .05 |
F = 3.1, p = .09, partial η2 = .13 | F = 2.0, p = .17, partial η2 = .09 |
| Left | Exercise Control | 5 ± 6 − 2 ± 12 |
4 ± 8 − 1 ± 13 |
− 25 + 74 | F = 1.5, p = .24, partial η2 = .06 |
F = .05, p = .83, partial η2 = .002 | F = 2.0, p = .17, partial η2 = .08 |
Time × group analysis reports the interaction and main effects from two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Data are mean ± SD. #indicates significant main effect of time, suggesting there is a difference from pre-intervention in both groups, but no difference between groups at p < 0.05, ##indicates significant main effect of time, suggesting there is a difference from pre-intervention in both groups, but no difference between groups at p < 0.01. Degrees of freedom were F(1,22) in all except for the cardiorespiratory and the upper-limb flexibility variables which were F(1,21) due to missing data from n = 1 control participant that did not complete the upper-limb flexibility tests or the anaerobic threshold test at post-intervention; therefore, the pre-intervention was removed from the analysis. Moreover, only complete datasets were analysed. $ indicates significant main effect of group, suggesting that there is a difference between groups at pre- and post-intervention, but no difference over time at p < 0.05. Anaerobic threshold test is a submaximal exercise test used to measure cardiovascular fitness and presented here as millilitres of oxygen uptake per kilogram per minute and the power in watts at which the anaerobic threshold was achieved. ANOVA, analysis of variance; CLL, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.Values in bold indicate the significant F-test statistics.