Table 6A.
Intervention-related changes to numbers of total CD3+ and CD4+ T cells.
| Group | Time point | Absolute Δ from pre-intervention | Time × group analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-intervention | Post-intervention | Interaction (time × group) | Main effect (time) | Main effect (group) | |||
| T-cell frequency (cells/μL) | |||||||
| CD3+ | Exercise Control | 1,837 ± 539 1,777 ± 714 | 1,616 ± 1,114 1,259 ± 690 | − 221 ± 1,100 − 517 ± 557 |
F = .73, p = .40, partial η2 = .03 | F = 4.5, p = .05, partial η2 = .17 | F = .59, p = .45, partial η2 = .03 |
| CD4 T-cell frequencies (cells/μL) | |||||||
| CD3+CD4+ | Exercise Control | 1,081 ± 258 1,068 ± 346 | 907 ± 400##
749 ± 376## |
− 174 ± 415 − 320 ± 334 |
F = .91, p = .35, partial η2 = .04 | F = 10.4, p = .004, partial η2 = .32 | F = .49, p = .49, partial η2 = .04 |
| TNA | Exercise Control | 587 ± 179 663 ± 225 |
473 ± 191##
403 ± 228## |
− 114 ± 181 − 230 ± 207 |
F = 2.1, p = .16, partial η2 = .09 | F = 18.6, p = <.001, partial η2 = .46 | F = .03, p = .88, partial η2 = .001 |
| TSCM | Exercise Control | 148 ± 114 142 ± 83 |
101 ± 44#
81± 52# |
− 48 ± 122 − 61 ± 56 |
F = .13, p = .72, partial η2 = .01 | F = 8.2, p = .01, partial η2 = .27 | F = .26, p = .62, partial η2 = .27 |
| PD1+ TSCM | Exercise Control | 34 ± 13 38 ± 29 |
27 ± 12##
21± 19## |
− 7 ± 13 − 17 ± 18 |
F = 2.6, p = .12, partial η2 = .11 | F = 13.4, p = .001, partial η2 = .38 | F = .02, p = .89, partial η2 = .001 |
| TCM | Exercise Control | 387 ± 226 337 ± 155 |
365 ± 293 269 ± 155 |
− 22 ± 232 − 68 ± 126 |
F = .38, p = .55, partial η2 = .02 | F = 1.5, p = .24, partial η2 = .06 | F = .88, p = .34, partial η2 = .04 |
| TEM | Exercise Control | 81 ± 105 67 ± 72 |
53 ± 47 53 ± 45 |
− 28 ± 66 − 15 ± 39 |
F = .38, p = .54, partial η2 = .02 | F = 3.9, p = .06, partial η2 = .15 | F = .06, p = .80, partial η2 = .003 |
| TEMRA | Exercise Control | 26 ± 23 31 ± 43 |
17 ± 16##
24 ± 37## |
− 9 ± 10 − 7 ± 10 |
F = .29, p = .59, partial η2 = .01 | F = 13.5, p = .001, partial η2 = .38 | F = .24, p = .63, partial η2 = .011 |
| PD1+ | Exercise Control | 371 ± 179 330 ± 166 |
334 ± 241 248 ± 162 |
− 37 ± 225 − 82 ± 135 |
F = .37, p = .55, partial η2 = .02 | F = 2.5, p = .13, partial η2 = .10 | F = .89, p = .36, partial η2 = .04 |
| PD1+TIM3+ | Exercise Control | 18 ± 17 18 ± 12 |
27 ± 37 16 ± 11 |
+ 10 ± 34 − 2 ± 16 |
F = 1.2, p = .28, partial η2 = .05 | F = .50, p = .49, partial η2 = .02 | F = .69, p = .42, partial η2 = .03 |
| CTLA4+ | Exercise Control | 16 ± 17 18 ± 20 |
14 ± 15 14 ± 14 |
− 2 ± 17 − 5 ± 26 |
F = .10, p = .75, partial η2 = .03 | F = .61, p = .44, partial η2 = .03 | F = .10, p = .75, partial η2 = .04 |
| FOXP3+
TREGS |
Exercise Control | 61 ± 25 62 ± 37 |
53 ± 23 56 ± 56 |
− 8 ± 17 − 7 ± 27 |
F = .01, p = .91, partial η2 = .001 | F = 2.4, p = .14, partial η2 = .01 | F = .01, p = .91, partial η2 = .001 |
| CTLA4+
FOXP3+ TREGS |
Exercise Control | 45 ± 22 36 ± 10 |
38 ± 23 31 ± 28 |
− 7 ± 19 − 5 ± 26 |
F = .02, p = .88, partial η2 = .001 | F = .21, p = .21, partial η2 = .07 | F = 1.2, p = .29, partial η2 = .05 |
Time × group analysis reports the interaction and main effects from two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Data are mean ± SD. #indicates significant main effect of time, suggesting there is a difference from pre-intervention in both groups, but no difference between groups at p < 0.05, ##indicates significant main effect of time, suggesting there is a difference from pre-intervention in both groups, but no difference between groups at p < 0.01. Degrees of freedom were F(1,22) in all except CD4 CTLA4 which was F(1,21) due to a problem with one of the control participants post-intervention sample; therefore, the pre-intervention sample was also removed. The absolute change from pre-intervention has been calculated using the following equation (mean post-intervention value − mean pre-intervention value).Values in bold indicate the significant F-test statistics.