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. 2024 Dec 18;11:1375. doi: 10.1038/s41597-024-04246-4

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Population structure analysis based on whole genome sequencing data of five local buffaloes including Xuyi mountain (XYM, n = 7), Haizi (HZ, n = 10), Dehong (DH, n = 5), Wenzhou (WZ, n = 4) and Yibing (YB, n = 5) buffaloes. (A) Distribution map of whole-genome SNP marker density across chromosomes calculated using a 1 Mb sliding window. The color gradient from green to red indicates increasing SNP density in the respective regions. (B) Principal component analysis (PCA) of five local buffaloes. (C) Evolutionary tree of five local buffaloes based on genetic distance. (D) Ancestry compositions with the assumed number of ancestries at K value from 2 to 6. K is an adjustable parameter representing the number of possible ancestral varieties, where K = 2 is the best value after calculation of the cross-validation error.