Fig. 6. Simulated performance of a scaled-up model where light is projected from a 32 × 32 array of LEDs onto a 48 × 48 array of PDs.

a A modified angular spectrum propagation approach is used to simulate optical performance of the scaled-up model. b From left to right: red 3 × 3 inset from (a), estimated weights on PDs, and design (target) weights. c Scatterplot of the difference between design weights and estimated weights due to optical crosstalk across the 48 × 48 PD array. d SPICE model demonstrates 10 MHz operation of a single difference ReLU amplification and LED driver circuit. e Steady-state performance of the SPICE circuit for different PD input intensities. f Total TOPS of a single layer of our approach as a function of circuit frequency and array edge size. Red diamond: experimental demonstration; Red circle: scaled-up simulation.