Table 1.
Frequency and Percentage of Agreement With Abusive Behavior as Abusive by Age of Victim
| Older adults (n = 93) | Adults (n = 102) | Children (n = 95) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agree | Unsure | Disagree | Agree | Unsure | Disagree | Agree | Unsure | Disagree | |
| Physical abuse average | 55 (59%) | 13 (14%) | 25 (27%) | 73 (72%) | 14 (14%) | 21 (21%) | 48 (51%) | 17 (18%) | 30 (32%) |
| Punching, beating, hitting | 69 (74%) | 0 | 24 (26%) | 82 (80%) | 1 (1%) | 19 (19%) | 68 (71%) | 0 | 27 (28%) |
| Restraining*** | 49 (53%) | 20 (21%) | 24 (26%) | 75 (74%)a | 26 (26%) | 20 (20%) | 43 (45%) | 26 (27%)a | 26 (27%) |
| Grabbing their wrist** | 46 (50%) | 19 (20%) | 28 (30%) | 63 (68%)a | 15 (15%) | 24 (24%) | 33 (35%) | 24 (25%) | 38 (40%)a |
| Psychological abuse average | 63 (68%) | 4 (4%) | 25 (27%) | 81 (80%) | 2 (2%) | 19 (19%) | 56 (59%) | 10 (11%) | 28 (30%) |
| Verbal threatsb | 68 (73%) | 2 (2%) | 23 (25%) | 83 (81%) | 1 (1%) | 18 (18%) | 65 (68%) | 2 (2%) | 26 (27%) |
| Put downs or negative comments | 63 (68%) | 2 (2%) | 28 (30%) | 81 (79%) | 1 (1%) | 20 (20%) | 63 (66%) | 6 (6%) | 26 (27%) |
| Preventing from seeing friendsb,*** | 59 (63%) | 8 (9%) | 25 (27%) | 79 (78%)a | 3 (3%) | 19 (19%) | 41 (43%) | 22 (23%)a | 32 (34%)a |
| Sexual abuse average | 70 (75%) | 0 | 24 (25%) | 75 (74%) | 5 (5%) | 21 (21%) | 69 (72%) | 0 | 26 (28%) |
| Inappropriate sexual acts | 70 (75%) | 0 | 23 (25%) | 78 (77%) | 3 (3%) | 21 (21%) | 69 (73%) | 0 | 26 (27%) |
| Sexual advancement without consent | 70 (75%) | 0 | 23 (25%) | 78 (77%) | 3 (3%) | 21 (21%) | 68 (71%) | 0 | 27 (28%) |
| Showing sexually explicit images without consent*** | 68 (73%) | 0a | 25 (27%) | 70 (69%) | 10 (9%)a | 22 (22%) | 69 (73%) | 0a | 26 (27%) |
| Financial abuse average | 64 (69%) | 4 (4%) | 25 (27%) | 70 (69%) | 9 (9%) | 23 (23%) | 47 (49%) | 17 (18%) | 31 (33%) |
| Taking precious items** | 59 (63%)a | 7 (8%)a | 27 (29%) | 58 (57%) | 18 (18%) | 26 (26%) | 40 (42%)a | 20 (21%) | 35 (37%)a |
| Forcing change to a will*** | 68 (73%) | 2 (2%)a | 23 (25%) | 80 (78%)a | 3 (3%) | 19 (19%) | 49 (52%)a | 18 (19%)a | 28 (30%) |
| Spending someone’s money without consent* | 64 (69%) | 3 (3%) | 26 (28%) | 73 (72%) | 5 (5%) | 24 (24%) | 51 (54%) | 13 (14%)a | 31 (33%)a |
| Neglect | 65 (70%) | 5 (5%) | 23 (25%) | 63 (62%) | 14 (14%) | 24 (26%) | 65 (68%) | 4 (4%) | 26 (27%) |
| Not bringing a person to the doctor when they are unwellb,* | 62 (67%) | 8 (9%) | 22 (24%) | 51 (50%)a | 21 (21%)a | 29 (28%) | 63 (66%) | 6 (6%)a | 26 (27%) |
| Not providing enough foodc,* | 65 (70%) | 4 (4%) | 24 (26%) | 65 (64%) | 14 (14%)a | 23 (23%) | 67 (71%) | 2 (2%)a | 25 (26%) |
| Not enough medicationc | 67 (72%) | 2 (2%) | 23 (25%) | 73 (72%) | 8 (8%) | 21 (21%) | 65 (68%) | 4 (4%) | 26 (27%) |
| Average across abuse types | 63 (68%) | 5 (6%) | 25 (25%) | 73 (71%) | 9 (9%) | 22 (22%) | 57 (60%) | 10 (10%) | 28 (30%) |
Notes: “Agree” values are based on participant selection of either “Strongly Agree” or “Agree.” “Disagree” values are based on participant selection of either “Strongly Disagree” or “Disagree.” Effect sizes for significant differences were medium to large, where the degrees of freedom are four, a Cramér’s V value of 0 < 0.05 is considered negligible, 0.05 < 0.15 is small, 0.15 < 0.25 is medium, and 0.25 or more is considered large (Cohen, 1988).
aAdjusted standardized residuals show a significant result.
bIndicates two missing responses for the item (i.e., n–2).
cIndicates one missing response for the item (i.e., n–1).
* p < .05.
** p < .01.
*** p < .001.