Fig. 3.

Function and cellular uptake of hybrid membrane (M). (A) Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis of the membrane proteins of marker, red blood cell membrane (RBCm), macrophage membrane (Møm), M, and hyaluronic acid (HA)-modified hybrid membrane (M)-camouflaged poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) loaded halofuginone hydrobromide (HF) nanoparticles (NPs) (HA-M@P@HF NPs). (B) Detection of CD11b, CD47, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) in HA-M@P@HF NPs. (C) Fluorescent images of P@chlorin e6 (Ce6) and HA-M@P@Ce6 uptake in RAW264.7 cells, activated macrophages, human fibroblast-like synoviocytes (HFLS), HFLS-rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) for 4 h. (D) Cumulative release of HF from HA-M@P@HF NPs at pH 5.4 and 7.4. (E, F) Release kinetics of HA-M@P@HF NPs and various mathematical models of release mechanisms (i.e., zero-order model, first-order model, Higuchi model, Peppas model, and Weibull model) at pH 5.4 (E) and 7.4 (F). Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (n = 3). ^∗∗∗P < 0.001. MFI: mean fluorescence intensity.