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. 2024 Apr 22;14(11):100981. doi: 10.1016/j.jpha.2024.100981

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© 2024 The Author(s)

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Scheme 1 — Schematic preparation of hyaluronic acid (HA)-modified hybrid membrane (M)-camouflaged poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) loaded halofuginone hydrobromide (HF) nanoparticles (NPs) (HA-M@P@HF NPs) and the strategy for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment. (A) Preparation scheme of HA-M@P@HF NPs. (B) HA-M@P@HF NPs markedly modulated immune inflammation and synovial hyperplasia through the synergistic effects of M1-to-M2 macrophage repolarization and human fibroblast-like synoviocytes-RA (HFLS-RA) apoptosis, thereby protecting adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) rats from bone damage for effective RA treatment. Møm: macrophage membrane; RBCm: red blood cell membrane; BAX: Bcl-2-associated X protein; ROS: reactive oxygen species; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-6: interleukin-6.