Table 1.
Comparison of recovery after rheumatoid arthritis (RA) using different medicines.
| Nanomedicines | In vitro dosage | In vivo dosage | Therapeutic effects | Advantages and disadvantages | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Macrophage-hitchhiking IL-10 pDNA delivery system | 8 μg/well | 150 μg/rat, intraperitoneal injection | Modulates RA microenvironment | Advantages: inducing the repolarization of macrophages and reducing the production of proinflammatory cytokines Disadvantages: not cost-effective |
[38] |
| Mannose-modified azocalix[4]arene and ginsenoside Rb1 | 500 μM | 15.5 mg/kg, intravenous injection | Macrophage polarization and anti-inflammatory | Advantages: simple synthesis, triple targeting (ELVIS targeting, macrophage-targeting, and hypoxia-targeted release) and triple therapy (ROS scavenging, macrophage polarization, and the anti-inflammatory effect) Disadvantages: high dosage of medication |
[39] |
| Leonurine and catalase co-loaded nanoliposomal system | 10 μM | 10 mg/kg, intravenous injection | Remodeling the hostile RA microenvironment | Advantages: Synergistic effects of macrophage polarization, inflammation resolution, ROS scavenging, and hypoxia relief Disadvantages: single targeting |
[40] |
| Iguratimod/PVA nanodrugs | 40–320 μg/mL | 3.3 mg/kg, oral administration | Inhibition of proliferation, migration, and invasion of synovial fibroblasts | Advantages: cost-effective Disadvantages: no targeting |
[41] |
| PLGA-encapsulated metformin and indocyanine green | 2 μg/mL | 10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection | Anti-inflammation and polarization of macrophages. | Advantages: Enhances anti-inflammatory by incorporating photothermal therapy Disadvantages: weak specificity targeting. |
[42] |
| HA-M@P@HF NPs | 2 nM | 0.25 mg/kg, intravenous injection | Regulation of immune inflammation and inhibition of synovial hyperplasia | Advantages: dual targeting (inflammatory macrophages and HFLS-RA targeting), effective therapy by regulating immune inflammation (macrophage repolarization, ROS scavenging, and anti-inflammatory) and inhibiting synovial hyperplasia (impeding HFLS-RA proliferation and promoting HFLS-RA apoptosis), safe, and cost-effective. Disadvantages: The interaction mechanism between inflammatory macrophages and HFLS-RA has not yet been fully elucidated. |
This work |
IL-10: interleukin-10; pDNA: plasmid DNA; RA: rheumatoid arthritis; ELVIS: extravasation through leaky vasculature and subsequent inflammatory cell-mediated sequestration; ROS: reactive oxygen species; PVA: polyvinyl alcohol; PLGA: poly lactic-co-glycolic acid; HA-M@P@HF NPs: hyaluronic acid (HA)-modified hybrid membrane (M)-camouflaged PLGA loaded halofuginone hydrobromide (HF) nanoparticles (NPs); HFLS: human fibroblast-like synoviocytes.