. 2024 Dec 19;12(12):e70114. doi: 10.1002/iid3.70114

Table 1.

Characteristics of the included studies.

Author	Year	Method	Manufacturer/platform	Assay	Antigen	Antibody type	COVID‐19 patient samples (n)	Controls (n)
A Bown [10]	2020	CLIA	Siemens Atellica	Siemens SARS‐CoV‐2 total (COV2T)	S1	Total antibody	536	976
Al‐Jighefee HT [11]	2021	ELISA	NA	EDI novel coronavirus COVID‐19 IgG	N	IgG	291	119
		ELISA	NA	EDI novel coronavirus COVID‐19 IgM	N	IgM	291	119
Andrey DO [12]	2021	ELISA	DYNEX DSX	EDI novel coronavirus COVID‐19 IgG	N	IgG	172	185
Bundschuh C [13]	2020	ELISA	Serion Diagnostics	EDI novel coronavirus COVID‐19 IgG	N	IgG	104	456
		ELISA	Serion Diagnostics	EDI novel coronavirus COVID‐19 IgM	N	IgM	104	456
Chiereghin A [14]	2020	CLIA	iFlash 3000	iFlash‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG	N and S	IgG	207	130
Chiereghin A [14]		CLIA	iFlash 3000	iFlash‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgM	N and S	IgM	207	130
Chua KYL [15]	2020	CLIA	Vitros 5600	Ortho‐clinical anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG	S1	IgG	86	95
Chua KYL [15]		CLIA	Beckman Unicel DxI 800	Access SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG	S1‐RBD	IgG	86	95
Davidson N [16]	2020	ELISA	NA	EDI novel coronavirus COVID‐19 IgG	N	IgG	71	138
Davidson N [16]		ELISA	NA	EDI novel coronavirus COVID‐19 IgM	N	IgM	71	138
Deng Jielun [17]	2021	CLIA	iFlash 3000	iFlash‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG	N and S	IgG	69	73
Deng Jielun [17]		CLIA	iFlash 3000	iFlash‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgM	N and S	IgM	69	73
Egger M [18]	2020	ELISA	NA	EDI novel coronavirus COVID‐19 IgG	N	IgG	104	200
Egger M [18]		ELISA	NA	EDI novel coronavirus COVID‐19 IgM	N	IgM	104	200
Florin L [19]	2021	CLIA	Siemens Atellica IM1300	Siemens SARS‐CoV‐2 total (COV2T)	S1‐RBD	Total Ab	175	90
Garnett E [20]	2020	CLIA	Vitros 5600	Ortho‐clinical anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 total	S	Total antibody	79	57
Gdoura M [21]	2022	CLIA	Beckman Coulter	Access SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG	S1‐RBD	IgG	72	119
Han Xiaoyan [22]	2023	CLIA	iFlash 3000	iFlash‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG	N and S	IgG	123	41
Han Xiaoyan [22]		CLIA	iFlash 3000	iFlash‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgM	N and S	IgM	123	41
Harritshøj LH [23]	2021	CLIA	Siemens Atellica IM	Siemens SARS‐CoV‐2 total (COV2T)	S1	Total antibody	148	596
		CLIA	Siemens Dimension Vista 500	Siemens SARS‐CoV‐2 total (COV2T)	S1	Total antibody	147	596
		CLIA	Maglumi 4000+	MAGLUMI 2019‐nCoV IgG	Unspecified	IgG	148	1173
		CLIA	Maglumi 800	MAGLUMI 2019‐nCoV IgM	Unspecified	IgM	150	1184
		CLIA	Vitros 3600	Ortho‐clinical anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG	S1	IgG	150	600
		CLIA	Vitros 3600	Ortho‐clinical anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 total	S1	Total antibody	150	605
		ELISA	Tecan Sunrise	Wantai SARS‐CoV‐2 total Ab	S	Total antibody	150	659
		CLIA	iFlash 1800	iFlash‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG	N and S	IgG	150	586
		CLIA	iFlash 1800	iFlash‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgM	N and S	IgM	150	585
Heffernan E [24]	2021	ELISA	Dynex DS2	Wantai SARS‐CoV‐2 total Ab	S	Total antibody	137	100
Herroelen PH [25]	2020	ELISA	Bio‐Rad Version EIA 0_16	Wantai SARS‐CoV‐2 total Ab	S1‐RBD	Total antibody	169	57
Hörber S [26]^a	2020	CLIA	Siemens ADVIA Centaur XPT	Siemens SARS‐CoV‐2 total (COV2T)	S1	Total antibody	186	123
Horn MP [27]	2022	ELISA	DYNEX DSX	EDI novel coronavirus COVID‐19 IgG	N	IgG	192	3462
Igawa G [28]	2021	CLIA	Siemens Dimension EXL 200	Siemens SARS‐CoV‐2 total (COV2T)	S1‐RBD	Total Ab	236	98
Ikegami S [29]	2021	CLIA	Beckman Coulter	Access SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG	S1‐RBD	IgG	97	100
Irsara C [30]	2021	CLIA	Siemens ADVIA Centaur XPT	Siemens SARS‐CoV‐2 total (COV2T)	S1	Total antibody	195	288
Kubota K [31]	2021	CLIA	Vitros 3600	Ortho‐clinical anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG	S	IgG	66	148
		CLIA	Vitros 3600	Ortho‐clinical anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 total	S1	Total antibody	66	148
Kundu D [32]	2022	CLIA	Siemens ADVIA Centaur XPT	Siemens SARS‐CoV‐2 total (COV2T)	S1	Total antibody	153	150
Lapić I [33]	2020	CLIA	Maglumi 800	MAGLUMI 2019‐nCoV IgG	N and S	IgG	42	48
Lester SN [34]	2024	CLIA	Vitros ECi/ECiQ/3600 and Vitros 5600/XT 7600	Ortho‐clinical anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 total	S1	Total antibody	87	117
Li Ping [35]	2020	CLIA	iFlash 3000	iFlash‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG	N and S	IgG	116	134
Li Ping [35]		CLIA	iFlash 3000	iFlash‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgM	N and S	IgM	116	134
Mafi S [36]	2023	ELISA	NA	Wantai SARS‐CoV‐2 total Ab	S1	Total antibody	110	120
Mairesse A [37]	2020	CLIA	iFlash 1800	iFlash‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG	N and S	IgG	178	75
		CLIA	iFlash 1800	iFlash‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgM	N and S	IgM	178	75
Manthei DM [38]	2021	CLIA	Siemens Centaur XP	Siemens SARS‐CoV‐2 total (COV2T)	S1‐RBD	Total Ab	131	188
Marlet J [39]	2020	ELISA	NA	Wantai SARS‐CoV‐2 total Ab	S	Total Ab	58	89
Montesinos I [40]	2020	CLIA	Maglumi 800	MAGLUMI 2019‐nCoV IgG	Unspecified	IgG	126	72
Montesinos I [40]		CLIA	Maglumi 800	MAGLUMI 2019‐nCoV IgM	Unspecified	IgM	126	72
Naaber P [41]	2020	CLIA	Maglumi 1000	MAGLUMI 2019‐nCoV IgG	Unspecified	IgG	97	100
Naaber P [41]		ELISA	Dynex Agility	EDI novel coronavirus COVID‐19 IgG	N	IgG	97	100
Nedelcu I [42]	2021	ELISA	Dynex DSX	EDI novel coronavirus COVID‐19 IgG	N	IgG	528	161
Nedelcu I [42]		ELISA	Dynex DSX	EDI novel coronavirus COVID‐19 IgM	N	IgM	528	161
Nicholson S [43]	2021	ELISA	NA	Wantai SARS‐CoV‐2 total Ab	S1	Total antibody	96	209
Nyagwange J [44]	2022	ELISA	NA	Wantai SARS‐CoV‐2 total Ab	S1	Total antibody	149	327
Oved K [45]	2020	CLIA	Beckman Coulter	Access SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG	S1‐RBD	IgG	162	318
	2020	CLIA	Siemens ADVIA Centaur XPT	Siemens SARS‐CoV‐2 total (COV2T)	S1‐RBD	Total Ab	156	432
Padoan A [46]	2020	CLIA	Vitros ECi/ECiQ/3600 and Vitros 5600/XT 7600	Ortho‐clinical anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG	S	IgG	130	54
Padoan A [46]		CLIA	Vitros ECi/ECiQ/3600 and Vitros 5600/XT 7600	Ortho‐clinical anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 total	S1	Total antibody	130	54
Parai D [47]	2021	CLIA	iFlash 1800	iFlash‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG	N and S	IgG	594	100
Pérez‐García F [48]	2021	CLIA	Siemens Atellica	Siemens SARS‐CoV‐2 total (COV2T)	S1	Total antibody	50	60
Pflüger LS [49]	2020	CLIA	Siemens Atellica	Siemens SARS‐CoV‐2 total (COV2T)	S1	Total Ab	75	320
		ELISA	Euroimmun Analyzer I‐2 P	Wantai SARS‐CoV‐2 total Ab	S1	Total Ab	75	320
Piec I [50]	2021	ELISA	Dynex Agility	EDI novel coronavirus COVID‐19 IgG	N	IgG	43	152
Riester E [51]	2021	CLIA	iFlash 1800	iFlash‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG	N and S	IgG	104	928
		CLIA	iFlash 1800	iFlash‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgM	N and S	IgM	104	928
Rikhtegaran Tehrani Z [52]	2020	ELISA	NA	EDI novel coronavirus COVID‐19 IgG	N	IgG	97	288
Rikhtegaran Tehrani Z [52]		ELISA	NA	EDI novel coronavirus COVID‐19 IgM	N	IgM	95	299
Sekirov I [53]	2021	CLIA	Vitros XT 7600	Ortho‐clinical anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG	S	IgG	42	65
		CLIA	Vitros XT 7600	Ortho‐clinical anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 total	S1	Total antibody	42	65
		CLIA	Siemens ADVIA Centaur XPT	Siemens SARS‐CoV‐2 total (COV2T)	S1	Total antibody	42	65
Şener B [54]	2022	CMIA	Beckman Coulter	Access SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG	S1‐RBD	IgG	125	50
		CMIA	Siemens Atellica	Siemens SARS‐CoV‐2 total (COV2T)	S1‐RBD	Total Ab	131	50
Serre‐Miranda C [55]	2021	CLIA	NA	MAGLUMI 2019‐nCoV IgG	N and S	IgG	117	35
		CLIA	NA	MAGLUMI 2019‐nCoV IgM	N and S	IgM	117	35
Soleimani R [56]	2021	CLIA	Maglumi 800	MAGLUMI 2019‐nCoV IgG	N and S	IgG	176	100
	2021	CLIA	Maglumi 800	MAGLUMI 2019‐nCoV IgM	N and S	IgM	176	100
Syre H [57]	2022	ELISA	DYNEX DS2 system	Wantai SARS‐CoV‐2 total Ab	S	Total antibody	211	320
Tan SS [58]	2020	CLIA	Beckman Unicel DxI 800	Access SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG	S1‐RBD	IgG	173	163
		CLIA	Siemens ADVIA Centaur XPT	Siemens SARS‐CoV‐2 total (COV2T)	S1	Total antibody	173	163
		CLIA	Vitros 3600	Ortho‐clinical anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 total	S1	Total antibody	173	163
Theel ES [59]	2020	ELISA	Dynex Agility	EDI novel coronavirus COVID‐19 IgG	N	IgG	61	149
		CLIA	Vitros 3600	Ortho‐clinical anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG	S	IgG	61	149
Tolan NV [60]	2023	ELISA	NA	EDI novel coronavirus COVID‐19 IgG	N	IgG	105	55
		ELISA	NA	EDI novel coronavirus COVID‐19 IgM	N	IgM	103	57
Van Elslande J [61]	2020	CLIA	Maglumi 800	MAGLUMI 2019‐nCoV IgG	Unspecified	IgG	223	113
Velay A [62]	2020	ELISA	NA	EDI novel coronavirus COVID‐19 IgG	N	IgG	198	100
		ELISA	NA	EDI novel coronavirus COVID‐19 IgM	N	IgM	198	100
Ward MD [63]	2021	CLIA	Siemens Atellica	Siemens SARS‐CoV‐2 total (COV2T)	S1	Total antibody	112	2030
		CLIA	Siemens EXL	Siemens SARS‐CoV‐2 total (COV2T)	S1	Total antibody	112	2030
Wu Lianpeng [64]	2021	CLIA	iFlash 3000	iFlash‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG	N and S	IgG	179	50
Wu Lianpeng [64]		CLIA	iFlash 3000	iFlash‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgM	N and S	IgM	179	50
Yassine HM [65]	2021	ELISA	Epoch 2	EDI novel coronavirus COVID‐19 IgG	N	IgG	101	70
Zilla M [66]	2021	CLIA	Beckman Coulter	Access SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG	S1‐RBD	IgG	154	184
		CLIA	Siemens Centaur XP	Siemens SARS‐CoV‐2 total (COV2T)	S1	Total antibody	154	184
		CLIA	Siemens Vista 1500	Siemens SARS‐CoV‐2 total (COV2T)	S1	Total antibody	154	184

^{^a}

If borderline results were considered positive.

Abbreviations: CLIA, chemiluminescent immunoassay; ELISA, enzyme immunoassay; N, nucleocapsid antigen; NA, not specified; RBD, receptor‐binding domain; S1, S1 domain of viral spike protein; S1/S2, recombinant S1 and S2 antigens.