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. 2024 Dec 18;17:522. doi: 10.1186/s13071-024-06610-0

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Impact of glabridin treatment on Toxoplasma gondii development in vitro and host cell viability. a Cytotoxicity of glabridin on Vero cells. Glabridin demonstrated low cytotoxicity in Vero cells. Cells were exposed to increasing concentrations of glabridin (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, and 20 µg/ml) for 24 h. Cell viability was measured using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, with results expressed as a percentage relative to the untreated control group. Data represent the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. *P < 0.05; ****P < 0.0001. b Treatment with glabridin (5 μg/ml) significantly reduced the activity of extracellular T. gondii RH tachyzoites. ****P < 0.0001. c Inhibitory effect of glabridin (5 μg/ml) on the replication of intracellular T. gondii RH tachyzoites. Control samples (Ctrl) were collected 3 h post infection, while treatment groups were collected 48 h post infection, showing a marked decrease in parasite replication. ****P < 0.0001