Table 2.
Changes of NOSs’ expression/activity and NO metabolites in SkM in human subjects with prediabetes and T2D*
| Study | Subjects | HbA1c (%) | Muscle type | Mean age (y) | Sex | BMI (kg/m2) | nNOS(μ) | eNOS | iNOS | NOx | Nitroso compounds |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bradley [83] | T2D, Pre-DM | NR | VL | 50 | M/F | 28.7 | ↓ 32% | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Torres [82] | T2D | 11.2 | QUAD | 47 | M/F | 27.2 | NR | ↔ | ↑ 4-fold | ↑ 30% | ↑ 4.1-fold |
| Punkt [81] | T2D | 6.6 | VL | 59 | M/F | 32.1 | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ | NR | NR |
| Krause [19] | T2D | 7.1 | VL | 63 | M | 24.7 | ↓ 3.5-fold | NR | ↑ | ↓ | NR |
| Krause, [19] | T2D | 7.3 | VL | 57 | M | 30.8 | ND | NR | ↑ | ↑ | NR |
| Kashyap [80] | T2D | 6.8 | VL | 51 | NR | 31.3 | ↓ 4.3-fold | NR | NR | ||
*Compared with subjects with normal glucose tolerance
BMI, body mass index; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; F, female; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; M, male; ND, non-detectable; nNOS, neuronal nitric oxide synthase; NOx, nitric oxide metabolites; NR, not reported; QUAD, quadriceps; SkM, skeletal muscle; T2D, type 2 diabetes; VL, vastus lateralis muscle