Table 1.
Characteristics of children with CP with different individual risk factors (n(%))
| Total | Preterm birth and/or low birth weight | Pregnancy risks and/or comorbidities | Asphyxia | HIE | Placental/umbilical cord/amniotic fluid abnormalities | Hyperbilirubinemia | Multiparous | Traumatic brain injury/intracranial haemorrhage | Neonatal seizures | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year(Mean ± SD) | 4.83 ± 3.45 | 5.12 ± 3.61 | 4.24 ± 2.98 | 5.15 ± 3.95 | 4.92 ± 3.47 | 5.02 ± 3.55 | 4.46 ± 3.10 | 4.41 ± 3.23 | 4.84 ± 4.80 | 4.91 ± 3.47 |
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Male | 360 | 167 (46.4) | 140 (38.9) | 99 (27.5) | 96 (26.7) | 101 (28.1) | 101 (28.1) | 28 (7.8) | 30 (8.3) | 27 (7.5) |
| Female | 176 | 76 (43.2) | 72 (40.9) | 53 (30.1) | 55 (31.3) | 48 (27.3) | 41 (23.3) | 18 (10.2) | 15 (8.5) | 16 (9.1) |
| Year of collection | ||||||||||
| 2015–2018 | 358 | 171 (47.8) | 134 (37.4) | 99 (27.7) | 104 (29.1) | 92 (25.7) | 85 (23.7) | 35 (9.8) | 33 (9.2) | 26 (7.3) |
| 2019–2023 | 178 | 72 (40.4) | 78 (43.8) | 53 (29.8) | 47 (26.4) | 57 (32.0) | 57 (32.0) | 11 (6.2) | 12 (6.7) | 17 (9.6) |
| Season | ||||||||||
| Spring | 121 | 56 (46.3) | 55 (45.5) | 37 (30.6) | 29 (24.0) | 36 (29.8) | 32 (26.4) | 12 (9.9) | 9 (7.4) | 10 (8.3) |
| Summer | 180 | 77 (42.8) | 71 (39.4) | 51 (28.3) | 53 (29.4) | 48 (26.7) | 56 (31.1) | 16 (8.9) | 14 (7.8) | 16 (8.9) |
| Autumn | 108 | 52 (48.1) | 30 (27.8) | 34 (31.5) | 36 (33.3) | 29 (26.9) | 24 (22.2) | 13 (12.0) | 7 (6.5) | 8 (7.4) |
| Winter | 127 | 58 (45.7) | 56 (44.1) | 30 (23.6) | 33 (26.0) | 36 (28.3) | 30 (23.6) | 5 (3.9) | 15 (11.8) | 9 (7.1) |
| Gestational age (w) | ||||||||||
| ≥ 37 | 313 | 20 (6.4) | 102 (32.6) | 88 (28.1) | 76 (24.3) | 69 (22.0) | 70 (22.4) | 10 (3.2) | 22 (7.0) | 32 (10.2) |
| 32 to 36 | 127 | 127 (100) | 64 (50.4) | 37 (29.1) | 43 (33.9) | 48 (37.8) | 48 (37.8) | 15 (11.8) | 12 (9.4) | 8 (6.3) |
| 28 to 31 | 82 | 82 (100) | 37 (45.1) | 19 (23.2) | 27 (32.9) | 28 (34.1) | 16 (19.5) | 18 (22.0) | 10 (12.2) | 2 (2.4) |
| < 28 | 14 | 14 (100) | 9 (64.3) | 8 (57.1) | 5 (35.7) | 4 (28.6) | 8 (57.1) | 3 (21.4) | 1 (7.1) | 1 (7.1) |
| Birth weight (g) | ||||||||||
| ≥ 2500 | 359 | 66 (18.4) | 129 (35.9) | 98 (27.3) | 91 (25.3) | 82 (22.8) | 94 (26.2) | 12 (3.3) | 27 (7.5) | 35 (9.7) |
| 1500 to 2499 | 134 | 134 (100) | 61 (45.5) | 41 (30.6) | 42 (31.3) | 52 (38.8) | 36 (26.9) | 20 (14.9) | 13 (9.7) | 7 (5.2) |
| 1000 to 1499 | 40 | 40 (100) | 19 (47.5) | 11 (27.5) | 17 (42.5) | 15 (37.5) | 11 (37.5) | 12 (30.0) | 5 (12.5) | 1 (2.5) |
| < 1000 | 3 | 3 (100) | 3 (100) | 2 (66.7) | 1 (33.3) | 0 (0) | 1 (33.3) | 2 (66.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Method of delivery | ||||||||||
| Eutocia | 238 | 115 (48.3) | 100 (42.0) | 67 (28.2) | 72 (30.3) | 67 (28.2) | 62 (26.1) | 20 (8.4) | 15 (6.3) | 22 (9.2) |
| Caesarean section | 298 | 128 (43.0) | 112 (37.6) | 85 (28.5) | 79 (26.5) | 82 (27.5) | 80 (26.8) | 26 (8.7) | 30 (10.1) | 21 (7.0) |
| Classification of CP | ||||||||||
| Spastic diplegia | 211 | 130 (61.6) | 91 (43.1) | 56 (26.5) | 67 (31.8) | 63 (29.9) | 55 (26.1) | 24 (11.4) | 18 (8.5) | 12 (5.7) |
| Spastic hemiplegia | 126 | 36 (28.6) | 53 (42.1) | 24 (19.0) | 20 (15.9) | 27 (21.4) | 19 (15.1) | 6 (4.8) | 11 (8.7) | 8 (6.3) |
| Spastic quadriplegia | 74 | 37 (50.0) | 30 (40.5) | 27 (36.5) | 28 (37.8) | 30 (40.5) | 14 (18.9) | 10 (13.5) | 7 (9.5) | 8 (10.8) |
| Dyskinesia | 86 | 28 (32.6) | 25 (29.1) | 23 (26.7) | 21 (24.4) | 19 (22.1) | 44 (51.2) | 5 (5.8) | 7 (8.1) | 8 (9.3) |
| Ataxia | 9 | 3 (33.3) | 3 (33.3) | 2 (22.2) | 1 (11.1) | 1 (11.1) | 2 (22.2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Mixed | 30 | 9 (30.0) | 10 (33.3) | 20 (66.7) | 14 (46.7) | 9 (30.0) | 8 (26.7) | 1 (3.3) | 2 (6.7) | 7 (23.3) |
| GMFCS level | ||||||||||
| I | 170 | 72 (42.4) | 79 (46.5) | 35 (20.6) | 44 (25.9) | 49 (28.8) | 38 (22.4) | 11 (6.5) | 16 (9.4) | 9 (5.3) |
| II | 100 | 45 (45.0) | 32 (32.0) | 27 (27.0) | 19 (19.0) | 23 (23.0) | 32 (32.0) | 7 (7) | 7 (7.0) | 8 (8.0) |
| III | 97 | 53 (54.6) | 40 (41.2) | 28 (28.9) | 34 (35.1) | 26 (26.8) | 26 (26.8) | 10 (10.3) | 3 (3.1) | 5 (5.2) |
| IV | 89 | 39 (43.8) | 37 (41.6) | 30 (33.7) | 25 (28.1) | 31 (34.8) | 25 (28.1) | 7 (7.9) | 6 (6.7) | 11 (12.4) |
| V | 80 | 34 (42.5) | 24 (30.0) | 32 (40.0) | 29 (36.3) | 20 (25.0) | 21 (26.3) | 11 (13.8) | 13 (16.3) | 10 (12.5) |
| Epilepsy | ||||||||||
| No | 277 | 127 (45.8) | 120 (43.3) | 76 (27.4) | 87 (31.4) | 71 (25.6) | 76 (27.4) | 28 (10.1) | 27 (9.7) | 14 (5.1) |
| Epileptiform discharges | 57 | 25 (43.9) | 21 (36.8) | 24 (42.1) | 18 (31.6) | 18 (31.6) | 16 (28.1) | 7 (12.3) | 3 (5.3) | 5 (8.8) |
| Seizures | 39 | 17 (43.6) | 17 (43.6) | 10 (25.6) | 8 (20.5) | 9 (23.1) | 7 (17.9) | 2 (5.1) | 2 (5.1) | 13 (33.3) |
| Level of Intelligence | ||||||||||
| Normal | 123 | 52 (43.2) | 50 (40.7) | 27 (22.0) | 25 (20.3) | 30 (24.4) | 22 (17.9) | 5 (4.1) | 10 (8.1) | 4 (3.3) |
| Mild disability | 104 | 46 (44.2) | 48 (46.2) | 28 (26.9) | 29 (27.9) | 26 (25.0) | 30 (28.8) | 11 (10.6) | 5 (4.8) | 9 (8.7) |
| Moderate disability | 64 | 36 (56.3) | 22 (34.4) | 21 (32.8) | 18 (28.1) | 19 (29.7) | 23 (35.9) | 5 (7.8) | 9 (14.1) | 5 (7.8) |
| Severe disability | 75 | 24 (32.0) | 29 (38.7) | 25 (33.3) | 26 (34.7) | 24 (32.0) | 29 (38.7) | 7 (9.3) | 5 (6.7) | 8 (10.7) |
| Hearing | ||||||||||
| Normal | 289 | 142 (49.1) | 123 (42.6) | 82 (28.4) | 92 (31.8) | 68 (23.5) | 73 (25.3) | 19 (6.6) | 22 (7.6) | 11 (3.8) |
| Abnormal | 59 | 18 (30.5) | 25 (42.4) | 16 (27.1) | 16 (27.1) | 23 (39.0) | 21 (35.6) | 6 (10.2) | 5 (8.5) | 11 (18.6) |